能源桩-土体接触力学特征试验装置的研发与应用

研发了能源桩-土界面特性测试仪,在测试仪中安装可控温钢筋混凝土模型桩,在桩周围填充各类土体,模拟不同地基中的能源桩。通过对土体施加一定的恒定竖向荷载模拟不同深度的土层。模型桩中安装有换热管,利用低温恒温水浴,通过循环液控制桩体的温度,模拟能源桩吸热、放热过程。利用铂电阻温度传感器测量桩和土体的温度;利用安装在桩体表面上的微型土压力计测量桩-土界面的法向应力;利用FBG准分布式光纤传感技术测量桩体的周向变形。以砂土地基为例,通过冷热循环试验,准确得到了桩温、土温、桩-土界面的法向应力和桩的周向变形,说明EPSICA可以用于揭示桩-土界面的接触力学特征,为能源桩的热、力学行为研究提供了新的手段。     

Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornamental Plants

Pot-culture experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of 14 ornamental plants in weathered petroleum-contaminated soil, which was collected in the Shengli Oil Field, one of the biggest oil fields in China, by examining their impact on the degradation potential of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and its composition. Results showed Gaillardia aristata, Echinacea purpurea, Fawn (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), Fire Phoenix (a combined F. arundinacea), and Medicago sativa L. could effectively reduce TPHs and its composition in 10,000?mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. After a 30-day pot-culture experiment, the removal rates were 37.16%, 46.74%, 49.42%, 41.00%, and 37.93%, respectively, significantly higher than that in the control (only 12.93%). Removal rates of TPH composition including saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, asphaltene, and polar compound reached 39.41%, 38.47%, 45.11%, 42.92%, and 37.52%, respectively, also higher than that in the control (only 6.90%). Further, the total biomass did not significantly decrease for all plants tested in 10,000?mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oil in the plant tissues. These results suggested that the typical ornamental species including G. aristata, E. purpurea, Fawn, Fire Phoenix, and M. sativa can be adopted in phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil.     

华东地区诱发前震特征

对华东地区（２９°～３５ ．５°Ｎ,１１５°～１２５°Ｅ）１９７０ 年以来１４ 次ＭＳ≥５．０ 和５ 次ＭＳ≥４．６ 地震的诱发前震特征进行了研究。初步研究结果表明,诱发前震在华东地区具有较好的预报效能,可以作为本区中期预报尤其是发震地点预报的判据之一。同时对本区诱发前震预报参数进行多种优化组合,给出了适合本区的诱发前震预报参数,并对未来中强震进行了尝试性预报。     

近断层脉冲型地震动耦合效应特征

指出了近断层脉冲型地震动耦合效应的存在。以典型走滑断层型地震动为数据基础,考虑场地条件的影响,对近断层方向性效应地震动分量(CFN)、滑冲效应地震动分量(CFP)以及相互垂直的两耦合地震动分量(C45°和C-45°)的峰值、反应谱分别做了定性的比较。结果表明,各地震动分量的加速度峰值之间差别不明显,但方向性效应地震动分量的速度和位移峰值明显大于其它分量相应的峰值;不同场地、不同周期段的绝对加速度、相对速度和相对位移反应谱谱比呈现不同的变化特点;岩石场地上方向性效应地震动分量长周期段的加速度反应谱最高,而土层场地上各分量加速度反应谱之间的差别不大;近断层结构抗震设计时,地震动分量和设计谱的选取应适当考虑地震动的方向效应。     

下蜀土导热系数与电阻率和剪切波速关系模型试验研究

针对导热系数现场难以快速、准确测试的问题,以下蜀土为研究对象,建立了依据电阻率和剪切波速估算导热系数的关系模型。分别采用HC-110热导测试仪、四极法和弯曲元测试系统对20℃、含水率为10%～21%、干密度为1.5～1.8 g/cm3下蜀土的导热系数、电阻率和剪切波速进行了测试,得到了三者与含水率和干密度之间函数关系,建立了导热系数与电阻率和剪切波速的关系模型,经检验,该关系模型拟合度高,为工程实践中利用电阻率和剪切波速快速确定土体导热系数提供了新的方法。     

Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonates as a Function of Temperature, Solution Composition, and Presence of a Silicate Mineral Substrate

Abstract Precipitation of carbonate minerals can play important roles in geological carbon sequestration and engineered processes for mineral carbonation. Influences of temperature, solution composition, and the presence of a solid substrate on the nucleation and precipitation of magnesium carbonate minerals were examined in a set of batch experiments. Conditions studied are relevant to full-scale geological carbon sequestration systems. Aqueous phase analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry quantified the extent of precipitation. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify solids. Temperature significantly affected the identity of the solid obtained. At 25°C and 60°C the solids were magnesium carbonate minerals, and at 100°C the solid phase was identified as brucite [Mg(OH)2]. Although magnesite (MgCO3) was predicted to be the most thermodynamically stable magnesium carbonate phase, no magnesite precipitated and instead metastable magnesium carbonate phases formed. Evolution of d...     

重庆某废铅冶炼厂重金属污染土壤微观结构特性研究

污染土壤微观结构研究中,室内试验制备的土样比较理想,而实际污染现场的土质极其复杂。为研究现场重金属污染土壤微观机理,开展了铅、砷、镉污染等重金属污染土基本物理性质指标试验和微观结构测试。首先,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-MS)测定现场土样污染物类型及含量,建立现场土体重金属含量分布;然后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表面微观形貌试验,揭示污染土表面微观形貌,并通过颗粒(孔隙)及裂隙图像识别与分析系统(PCAS)定量分析土体试样的孔隙率,分析试样孔隙随重金属污染含量的变化规律;最后,从土壤环境的物质组成与结构及土壤性质方面分析土体微观形貌的变化机理。     

南黄海6.1级地震前江苏地电台站地电阻率异常分析

南黄海海域６．１级地震发生前，对海安台Ｎ３０°Ｗ、Ｎ７０°Ｗ、Ｎ６０°Ｅ三组测向和南京台ＥＷ向测向地电阻率负异常时段进行了３１日低通滑动平均滤波计算，发现异常突出，并超过二倍中误差，经分析认为对地电阻率所出现的中长期异常时段，不能轻易否定，必须不断跟踪分析     

南京城区近地表不同地面覆盖层热岛效应观测与分析

在2008年7月27～28日南京城郊14个观测点温湿度观测数据的基础上,对南京城区、环玄武湖区和郊区的水泥地面、草地以及地面以上80cm高程近地表处的大气温湿度日变化规律、热岛效应和干岛效应强度进行了分析。结果表明:①南京城区近地表的热岛效应十分明显,城郊最大日平均温差:水泥地为3.1°C,大气为1.9°C,草地为1.2°C;②环玄武湖区水泥地的热岛效应明显,但近地表的大气和草地的热岛效应几乎不存在;③城区干岛效应明显,城区湿度比郊区明显要小,其中水泥地的平均湿度差最大,达到-14.1%;④城区湿度与温度呈相反的日变化规律,且湿度的变化主要取决于大气的温度变化;⑤南京城区雨花台、新街口、南汽和夫子庙等地的热岛效应较强,城市中的湖泊和草地对缓解城市热岛效应有显著的作用,而城市中的水泥地面对城市热岛效应起到明显的加剧作用,长江对城西地区的热岛效应起到消解作用。     

盐渍土与混凝土衬砌冻结强度直剪试验研究∗

盐渍土、冻土作为特殊土一直是岩土工程领域研究的热点,但盐渍化冻土与结构之间的相互作用却鲜有报道。为研究山东季冻区、盐碱地渠系工程破坏问题,开展了氯盐、硫酸盐渍土在不同含盐量、不同法向应力条件下与混凝土衬砌冻结接触面的直剪试验研究。结果表明:冻结接触面剪切破坏的性状与含盐类型和含盐量均有关,随氯化钠含量的增加,破坏性状由脆性破坏转为塑性破坏,且氯化钠含量约为2%时是破坏性状的转折点,硫酸钠含量的增加,不会改变接触面的脆性破坏性状;初始冻结强度来源于接触面上冰晶的胶结作用,随含盐量的增大,冻结强度降低,且含盐类型对冻结强度影响不同,氯化钠比硫酸钠对初始冻结强度降低作用更显著,当氯化钠含量接近2%、硫酸钠含量超过4%时,接触面完全丧失初始冻结强度;随着含盐量的增大,内摩擦角由不变到开始减小,黏聚力由开始降低到趋于稳定。     

Reductive Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol Using Iron-Silver and Iron-Nickel Bimetallic Nanoparticles with Microwave Energy

In this work, a novel combined system by Fe-Ag or Fe-Ni nanoparticles and microwave (MW) radiation were used for the debromination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in aqueous solutions. Core-shell structure bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared by replacement reaction in liquid phase and then characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. MW radiation can enhance the degradation of TBBPA by Fe-Ag or Fe-Ni observably. The rate of reduction reactions for bimetallic nanoparticles under MW were first compared with those under conventional heating conditions. Compared with nano-iron, the deposition of Ag or Ni also accelerated the debromination, and Fe-Ag was more reactive than Fe-Ni toward TBBPA reduction. Removal efficiencies increased with increasing Fe-Ag dosage and MW energy level. Major reduction products of TBBPA identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were tri-BBPA, di-BBPA, mono-BBPA, and BPA, which indicated a stepwise debromination process. It provides an effective technology for TBBPA laden wastewater treatment.     

温度变化对水泥土强度特性和破坏性状的影响

为研究温度对水泥土强度和破坏性状的影响,选用粘土和粉土这两种素土制成水泥土试样,分别在25°C±2°C、10°C±2°C和0°C±2°C的温度下进行养护,随后测试各龄期试样的单轴抗压强度,并观测各试样的破坏特征。研究表明:随着龄期的增长,温度变化对峰值应变的影响在减小;龄期较短(1~5天)时,水泥土单轴抗压强度对温度变化不敏感,在龄期7~40天,提高养护温度,水泥土单轴抗压强度显著增大;随着温度的升高,水泥土强度显著提高,但增长的趋势越来越缓慢;低温情况下水泥粘土的强度都比水泥粉土低,而一旦提高温度,水泥粘土的强度便超过水泥粉土;较低温度下养护的水泥土表现出比较明显的脆性破坏,迅速产生裂缝。     

土岩界面地震波能量传递与耗散特性研究——以汶川8.0级地震为例

以汶川8.0级地震为例,应用应力波在弹性介质界面能量分配与反射和透射系数之间的相关性,得出地震波在不同介质中滞留能量的耗散比与介质波阻抗比和上层介质能量衰减比之间的关系。通过离散数值计算发现当能量衰减比一定时,两种介质的波阻抗比在某一特定值时上层介质滞留能量耗散比达到最大,该值随着能量衰减比的增大而增大。这一结论对地震山区的"剥皮型"滑坡提供了一种全新的解释,并得到了路堤工程宏观震害与面波测试资料的验证。     

Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Natural Organic Matter from Drinking Water Using a Hybrid Heterotrophic/Autotrophic/Biological Activated Carbon Bioreactor

Simultaneous removal of nitrate ([Formula: see text]) and natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking water using a hybrid heterotrophic/autotrophic/BAC bioreactor (HHABB) was studied in continuous mode. The HHABB consisted of three compartments: ethanol heterotrophic part, sulfur autotrophic part, and biological activated carbon (BAC)-part (including anoxic and aerobic sections). Experiments were performed with [Formula: see text] concentration 30?mg N/L, [Formula: see text] loading rate 0.72?kg N/m(3)/d, C?:?N ratio 0.53, and three concentrations of NOM (0.6, 2.6, and 5.7?mg C/L). Overall denitrification rate and efficiency of the HHABB were not affected by NOM concentration and were in the suitable ranges of 0.69-0.70?kg N/m(3)/d and 96.0%-97.7%, respectively. NOM removal at concentration 0.6?mg C/L was not efficient because of organic carbon replacement as soluble microbial products. At higher NOM concentrations, total NOM removal efficiencies were 55%-65%, 55%-70%, and 55%-65% for dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane formation potential, and UV absorbance at 254?nm (UV(254)), respectively. The more efficient compartments of the HHABB for the removal of NOM were the ethanol heterotrophic phase and aerobic BAC-phase. The efficiency of the HHABB in the removal of NOM was considerable, and the effluent dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane formation potential concentrations were relatively low. This study indicated that the HHABB without the anoxic BAC-phase could be a feasible alternative for simultaneous removal of [Formula: see text] and NOM from drinking water at full scale.     

软泥夹层对香港软土场地地震反应的影响

选择了香港有代表性的８个典型场地,通过钻探、现场剪切波速测量和土样动力实验建立了场地的分析模型,用２１次地震的１２８条基岩地震动记录作为,计算了场地土层地震反应,结果表明,对带海泥软夹层的砂质回填土场地,地震动的长周期分量（１．２～１．５s）被显著放大了,现有抗震规范的设计反应谱不能反映这类场地的反应特性,基于计算结果,提出了分别适合有、无软夹层场地的归－化设计反应谱。     

基于多点地震动输入条件下的土质边坡地震反应分析

地震工程中地震反应分析一般都假设研究目标与外部介质接触面各个点上地震动参数是完全一致的,即单点输入。但地震波能量、振幅等在传播过程中存在一定的衰减和散射现象,故边坡与外部介质接触面不同输入点上的运动不完全一致,在大尺度范围内考虑单点输入的情况与实际有一定的偏差,故需要进行多点输入方面的研究工作。以二维土质边坡模型为例,分别进行单点输入和多点输入,考虑其土层地震反应、塑性区分布、安全系数等特征,分析比较其异同,从而更好的为边坡抗震设计提供借鉴。结果表明,在土层地震反应分析方面,对同一监测点,多点输入下的加速度输出峰值、速度输出峰值均大于单点输入下的峰值,峰值出现的时间也早于单点;在塑性分布区方面,多点效应表现为发生了更明显的拉剪破坏现象;在安全系数方面,每一时刻多点输入下的安全系数均小于单点输入下的安全系数,相差约7%。综上所述,在大尺度范围内,考虑多点输入比单点输入更为合理和符合实际情况,故在抗震设计时应该考虑多点输入。     

驳船池火灾的危险性分析

从现代社会中广泛用于原油运输的船只入手,介绍了在原油转移的过程中发生意外泄漏而产生池火灾的几个重要参数模型。结合热辐射伤害的破坏准则,对死亡、重伤、轻伤的范围进行了量化研究,进一步分析了池火灾所造成的直接财产损失和间接的财产损失,并给出了相应的计算模型。以湘江边上一艘驳船发生柴油泄漏后产生的池火灾为例,计算分析结果表明:池火灾对周围一定半径内造成巨大的财产和人员损失。     

江苏及其南黄海6级地震与日本地震的相关性

吴佳翼等研究华北地震同日本地震的相关性 ,提出日本地震活动的 3个区 :日本海沟地震活动区(A区 )、日本海西部的深源地震区 (B区 )和日本浅源地震区 (C区 )如果相继发生地震活动 ,则中国华北地区 (D区 )将发生 6级以上响应地震。作者用 1 979年以来江苏及其黄海的 3个 6级震例 ,说明D区应扩大到江苏及其附近地区 ,并对历史地震进行检验。如果把D区改为大华北东部范围 ,在地球自转减速段 ,响应震将发生在华北东部 35°N～ 39°N地区 ;在地球自转加速段 ,响应震将发生在 φN≤ 35°或 φN>39°的地区。江苏及南黄海 6级响应地震发生的时间 ,可以用东北深震区与黄海地震带的相关性来估计     

地下管线的有效应力地震反应分析

地下管线的地震反应与管线周围土体的动力特性以及管土之间的相互作用密切相关。在地震作用下,孔隙水压力的发展会导致土体有效应力的降低,并且影响土体的动力特性。根据有效应力方法以及土体的非线性动力本构模型,可以研究孔隙水压力的增长与消散、有效应力的降低以及土动力特性的变化。在地下管线与周围土体之间引入接触单元,来模拟管土之间的接触传递问题;通过有限单元法,对地下管线的地震反应进行了全过程地震反应分析的数值模拟。计算结果表明:在地震作用下,孔隙水压力的增长造成了土体的软化,使得土体的动力特性发生变化,因此管线的地震响应也发生了相应的变化。     

Indirect assessment of economic damages from the Prestige oil spill: consequences for liability and risk prevention

The social losses arising from the Prestige oil spill exceed the compensation granted under the IOPC (International Oil Pollution Compensation) system, with losses estimated at 15 times more than the applicable limit of compensations. This is far above the level of costs for which those responsible for hydrocarbons spills are liable. The highest market losses correspond to sectors of extraction, elaboration and commercialisation of seafood. However, damages to non-commercial natural resources could constitute an outstanding group of losses for which further primary data are needed: these losses would only be compensable under the current system by means of a refund for cleaning and restoration costs. Results show that, in Europe, the responsibility for oil spills in maritime transport is limited and unclear. The consequence of this is net social losses from recurrent oil spills and internationally accepted incentives for risky strategies in the marine transport of hydrocarbons.