基于源流域水量水质模型研究小流域营养物管理方案

采用澳大利亚源流域水量水质模型模拟东山小流域内2001-2010年9种不同土地利用类型产生的降雨径流及总氮和总磷的污染负荷,模拟结果为:流域内多年平均径流量为6 150万m3/a,总氮输出负荷为270 t/a,总磷负荷为22 t/a。模拟结果表明:水产养殖塘和高地茶果树是东山地区主要的营养物来源。通过三个情景方案的模拟,说明当地环境管理方案可以有效地削减入湖的营养负荷,其中第二个情景方案的削减量最大,总氮和总磷负荷分别削减了18%和25%。     

福建省兰溪流域水环境的整治措施与成效评价

流域整治前,排入福建省南安市兰溪流域的CODCr总量1320.319t/a、氨氮总量113.905t/a、磷总量24.231t/a,远高于水环境容量CODCr807.7t/a、氨氮42.5t/a、总磷8.5t/a的理论值。针对流域主要污染源是生活污水、农业面源和养殖污水的源解析成果,采取了强化村镇生活污水收集治理,严格整治养殖业污染,加强农业面源污染防治的针对性措施,历经两年的整治,兰溪水质已从劣V类基本恢复到Ⅲ类水平。     

濛阳河流域(成都段)污染源解析及对策研究

为改善濛阳河流域(成都段)水环境现状,提出合理有效的水环境治理措施,根据实测数据对流域水质现状进行分析,并参照《全国水环境容量核定技术指南》中规定的计算方法,对流域主要入河污染物的量进行计算。结果表明,濛阳河流域彭州出境断面水质不稳定达标,主要超标污染物为总磷,COD、氨氮不稳定达标。流域内COD、氨氮、总磷总入河量分别为805.41t/a、129.96t/a、31.17t/a。按污染源分类,生活污染源对COD、氨氮、总磷的贡献率最大,分别为60.60%、48.82%、43.27%,其次是农田面源。按区县分类,濛阳镇和九尺镇对流域污染负荷贡献较大。根据污染源解析结果,有针对性的提出污染治理对策,为濛阳河流域水环境治理提供依据和思路。     

黑龙滩水库污染源及水质演变趋势分析

在黑龙滩水库进行污染源调查及水质分析的基础上,探讨了水库水质和营养盐变化趋势及其主要影响因素。污染源调查结果表明,黑龙滩水库流域CODCr、NH3-N、TN和TP产生量分别为3664.23 t/a、280.37 t/a、335.49 t/a和74.96 t/a,水库污染负荷主要集中在农村面源污染、畜禽养殖污染和旅游污染3个方面,其污染物产生量占总污染负荷的93%以上;水质分析表明,自2006年后,黑龙滩水库水质逐渐好转,但2010后CODMn有上升趋势,2012年主要超标因子为CODMn和TP;2004年~2012年,黑龙滩水库营养状况由贫营养向中营养发展,并在2010年~2012年稳定在中营养状态,水库富营养化整体呈现加剧趋势。     

基于污染溯源分析的汤水河考核断面水质达标方案研究

基于水文、水质和污染源资料,建立了汤水河流域一维水环境数学模型。利用控制断面达标法计算得到汤水河水环境容量,根据水文水质同步监测资料进行了后桥头路桥考核断面污染溯源分析,进而制定出近远期水质达标方案,为汤水河乃至秦淮流域的水环境综合治理提供技术支撑。结果表明:2020年后桥头路桥断面水质稳定达标时,汤水河COD、氨氮、总磷水环境容量分别为197.39t/a、18.50t/a、2.22t/a。后桥头路桥断面污染主要源自于句容市和淳化街道,建议两地协作配合,共同促进汤水河的水环境改善。     

邛海生态环境问题及保护对策研究

邛海是四川省第二大天然淡水湖,具有饮用水源、栖息地、水产品供给、人文景观等多种生态功能。长期以来由于不合理的开发和利用,邛海生态环境遭到污染和破坏,出现了面源污染严重、区域水质恶化、泥沙淤积、湿地萎缩、面积减少等环境问题,发展与保护矛盾突出,生态环境保护的压力加重。本文针对流域主要环境问题,探讨并提出了邛海生态环境保护以湖泊生态安全保障为目标,以饮用水源水质安全保障和生态保育为核心,实施生态调控、污染防治与生态恢复并举的科学对策。     

国控沙段断面“一点一策”现状及治理对策研究

为科学提出水环境治理对策,分析国控沙段断面及流域范围内其他断面2015～2020年水质情况,以乡镇为控制单元,计算各单元内化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₃-N)和总磷(TP)三种污染物入河占比情况,摸清当前沙段断面流域范围内水生态环境现状。结果表明：“十三五”期间,国控沙段断面水质不稳定达到Ⅱ类考核目标,其主要超标因子为总磷,上游百步交接断面水质对沙段有较大影响。在污染物入河量占比中,总磷农业面源贡献比重最大,各控制单元中平桥镇和白鹤镇占比居前两位,分别为8.87%和7.13%。总磷贡献次重为生活源,赤城街道占比居首位,为7.08%。研究成果可为稳定沙段断面水质、改善河流水生态环境,提出针对性治理对策提供重要参考依据。     

巢湖污染现状及其治理措施

巢湖为我国“三河三湖”重点水污染防治流域之一。近年来,随着人口的增长、经济高速发展、人为社会经济活动的影响使水资源系统受到很大冲击,水质变劣,湖体营养过程加剧,生态环境受到明显损害,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。巢湖湖区水中高锰酸钾、总氮、总磷含量分别为4．9mg/L、2．48mg／L、0．227mg／L,水质类别为劣V类（重度污染）;表层沉积物中总氮、总磷含量平均值为1065mg／kg、587mg／kg。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用,必须加快水污染综合治理。分析了巢湖污染现状,结合实际情况提出了治理对策。     

模糊数学在西昌邛海富营养化评价中的应用

本文以西昌邛海2006年4个水质监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用模糊数学的方法对邛海营养状态进行综合评价,通过评价得出:邛海海河口和二水厂处水质已成轻富营养化状态.同时分析了造成这一结果的主要原因是生活污水中排放的大量的氮磷,并提出了一些合理建议.     

于桥水库库周坑塘水质调查与评价

为了全面掌握于桥水库库周农村坑塘的水质状况、污染负荷量和空间分布特征,于2016年9月采集了46个坑塘水质样品,分析了有机物、营养盐和重金属等15项指标。结果显示:总氮、化学需氧量、总磷、锰、铁、氨氮6项指标超过了地表水Ⅲ类水质标准,点位超标率分别是100%、67.4%、54.3%、19.6%、8.7%和4.3%;坑塘主要污染物化学需氧量负荷量为115.9 t,总氮负荷量为13.3 t,总磷负荷量为1.4 t;使用熵权法对坑塘污染进行综合评价,显示污染较重的区域集中在库区西部的出头岭镇和北部的马伸桥镇。于桥水库库周坑塘污染风险相对较低,但仍需加强监管和治理。     

Effect and Control of Pollution in Catchment Area of Lake Sapanca, Turkey

/ Land-based point and diffuse pollution sources in the catchment area of Lake Sapanca, Turkey, were investigated. The present and future distribution of pollution loads were evaluated in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, and pesticides. A methodology for the estimation of pollution loads was presented; most of which were based on "unit loads." Presently domestic and industrial point sources dominate over diffuse sources including fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural use, nutrient loads from forests and meadows, urban runoff, and leachates from unregulated dumps of solid wastes. For the future, the aim of the control action is to maintain the sustainability of the water quality of the lake, at least at the second class of European Community standards. Within this framework; urgent/short-term and medium/long-term control actions will be exercised. In the urgent/short-term stage, simpler and natural ways of treatment will be employed. In the medium/long-term stage an integrated collection and treatment system will be put on operation. After completion of a proposed collection system and treatment plants to handle point sources, the control of diffuse sources will be more significant. Control of diffuse sources for the abatement of further deterioration of water quality then becomes the key issue to be emphasized in the Lake Sapanca catchment area. Diffuse sources control will be achieved by dividing the catchment area into three major protection zones. Use of pesticides and fertilizers on agricultural land and all other activities within these protection zones will be accomplished according to control plans, which will be supervised by an institution established to be responsible of all the activities within the basin.KEY WORDS: Diffuse sources; Land-based pollution; Nutrients; Pesticides; Point sources; Protection zones     

宝浪油田石油勘探开发环境保护工作浅谈

宝浪油由地处新疆焉耆盆地博斯腾湖湖畔,这是一个生态环境较为脆弱且极为敏感的地区,如何保护博斯腾湖水质不受石油勘探作业的污染是一个非常重要的问题。自1994年以来,宝浪油田始终把环境保护工作作为头等大事来抓,在确保焉耆盆地水资源不受污染的前提下进行石油勘探开发,建立了环境管理层层网络,制定了一系列管理制度,并始终如一地坚持执行,踏踏实实地做好保护环境的工作,使我们在6年来的石油勘探开发工作能够顺利进行,并确保了该地区的环境未受到任何污染。     

西昌邛海水体污染及其综合整治与保护管理问题研究

本文阐述了邛海水体污染及其生态环境破坏的状况，剖析了污染源及其危害。同时，针对问题提出了全方位综合整治与保护管理具体措施。     

邛海富营养化状态评价初探

以邛海2006年四个水质监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用综合营养状态指数法对邛海营养状态进行综合评价,通过评价得出：邛海水质已呈中富营养化状态。同时根据邛海水质营养状况,提出了一定的措施建议：限期治理上游污染源;调整养殖结构;限制邛海周边低档次、小规模的度假村、农家乐的建设;采用生物修复等措施。     

基于城镇污水处理厂运行情况的城镇生活污水污染核算方法——以滇池流域城镇生活污水污染核算为实例

根据城镇污水处理厂运行情况和城市供排水平衡分析提出一种简化的城镇居民生活污染源产排污总量核算的思路与方法,并以滇池流域为例核算了2010年滇池流域城镇居民生活主要污染物产生与排放总量。     

沱江流域综合整治规划

本文首先在描述了沱江流域的水质问题，沱江干流的几个主要水质指标与１０年前相比呈继续恶化的趋势，于流的水污染仍未得到控制，工业点源污染和流域非点源是造成流域水污染的主要原因，沱江流域水环境潜在问题陆生生态恶化和水资源贫乏两大难题，文章提出了工业污染源控制，修建城市污水厂，增加枯水流量和提高森林覆盖率等综合防治措施。     

Eutrophication of Lake Waters in China: Cost, Causes, and Control

Lake water eutrophication has become one of the most important factors impeding sustainable economic development in China. Knowledge of the current status of lake water eutrophicatoin and determination of its mechanism are prerequisites to devising a sound solution to the problem. Based on reviewing the literature, this paper elaborates on the evolutional process and current state of shallow inland lake water eutrophication in China. The mechanism of lake water eutrophication is explored from nutrient sources. In light of the identified mechanism strategies are proposed to control and tackle lake water eutrophication. This review reveals that water eutrophication in most lakes was initiated in the 1980s when the national economy underwent rapid development. At present, the problem of water eutrophication is still serious, with frequent occurrence of damaging algal blooms, which have disrupted the normal supply of drinking water in shore cities. Each destructive bloom caused a direct economic loss valued at billions of yuan. Nonpoint pollution sources, namely, waste discharge from agricultural fields and nutrients released from floor deposits, are identified as the two major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, all control and rehabilitation measures of lake water eutrophication should target these nutrient sources. Biological measures are recommended to rehabilitate eutrophied lake waters and restore the lake ecosystem in order to bring the problem under control.     

城市公园湖泊污染治理实践

城市公园湖泊水体保护和水污染治理越来越受到人们的重视。公园内水体往往补充水源不足，自净能力脆弱，当受到污染，湖水会变黑发臭，破坏公园美景。深圳市东湖公园人工湖污染治理过程中结合了水利防洪、环境保护、园林绿化等措施进行综合治理，通过截污、清淤、补充水、湖泊堤岸及拦水橡胶坝的恢复等措施，使湖泊水质得到彻底改善。合理的设计使人工湖具有滞洪防洪功能，还可对公园内地下水起到调节和补充作用，清澈的湖水又使人工湖成为公园内秀丽的景点。该项目为城市公园湖泊污染综合治理进行了一次探索和实践。     

Toward Integrated Environmental Management for Challenges in Water Environmental Protection of Lake Taihu Basin in China

Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. It serves many social, economic, and ecological purposes in the drainage basin. Unfortunately, the water has been heavily polluted due to rapid industrialization and urbanization during the last two decades. Notwithstanding great efforts made so far to improve the water quality, the environmental situation is still far from being optimistic. The basin and the lake are facing a range of severe environmental challenges: rapid socio-economic development continues to place great pressures on the environment, current pollution control projects have many problems from the viewpoint of effectiveness and efficiency of their implementations, and the non-point sources of pollution such as agricultural fields, for which control is more difficult than for industrial point sources, have become the main contributors to serious eutrophication of the lake. Considering the characteristics of the environmental challenges and problems confronting the basin and the lake, we focus on integrated environmental management (IEM) as a promising and effective approach to overcome these predicaments. Current practices and problems of environmental management in the basin are examined, and potential future developments are discussed. Three aspects of the IEM are emphasized: institutional cooperation, public participation, and internalization of environmental externalities. We think these are the most critical for not only the basin but also for the whole of China to achieve a sustainable society.