农业排水渠结构对别拉洪河流域湿地景观结构的影响

从流域尺度,利用GIS技术和景观生态学方法,对三江平原别拉洪河流域1967-2005年3个时段农业排水渠和湿地景观结构时空变化进行分析,定量化讨论了排水渠系对湿地景观结构的影响,结果显示：①1967年后农业排水渠的修建改变了流域水文格局,使完整流域分化为特征明显的3个亚区;②在过去的30多年中,流域内排水渠规模和密度不断增加,结构复杂化,尤其在1983年后增加趋势尤为明显;排水渠密度在空间上发生明显分异,上游>中游>下游;③流域湿地的景观结构随着时间的变化,呈现湿地面积减少、景观多样性降低、结构严重破碎化趋势;④农业排水渠的建设是导致流域湿地景观结构变化的主要驱动力。     

典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例

土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应是相关领域今后研究的重点。论文利用1985、1995和2000年的TM数据及调查资料,研究西苕溪流域的土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应。结果表明:流域内农田不断减少,居民及工矿用地持续扩大,林地前期减少、后期缓慢增加;林地和农田是流域内的主要景观类型,空间集中性及斑块碎化、形状规则化、景观同化是景观结构和景观异质性变化的主要表现;土地利用/覆被变化产生了生境质量下降、边缘效应增强、土地退化和生态系统成分单调等景观生态效应;恢复与建设西苕溪流域的景观生态系统需对景观尺度上的土地利用方式进行必要的调整。     

快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局变化研究

以厦门岛为例,通过一般景观格局分析指标和特殊景观格局分析指标,研究城市化进程中海岛生态景观格局的变化以及人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用.结果显示:从1987年至2004年,人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用迅速增加;厦门岛建成区占海岛面积的比例迅速增长,而斑块数量明显减少;厦门岛景观多样性迅速下降,同时破碎度指数和优势度迅速提高;受到海岸带开发活动影响,海岛岸线趋向平滑,海岛形状逐步趋向圆形;厦门岛人工景观对自然景观的胁迫程度逐步升高,城市化侵蚀指数也快速提高.     

基于一级水生态分区辽河流域景观格局时空动态分析

以辽河流域四个一级水生态分区为研究区,基于1990、2000、2005年TM影像,应用GIS技术,采用转移矩阵和景观指数方法,对辽河流域1990～2000年和2000～2005年期间土地利用和景观格局的变化进行了综合分析。结果表明:1990～2000年间水生态Ⅰ区耕地减少显著,减少的耕地主要转变为林地,而2000～2005年间草地面积大幅度减少,减少的草地主要转变为耕地;1990～2000年间水生态Ⅱ区耕地面积大幅度减少,耕地主要转变为草地和林地,2000～2005期间耕地大幅度增加,主要来源于草地;1990到2000年间水生态Ⅲ区耕地面积大幅减少,耕地主要转变为林地,2000～2005年大量林地转变为耕地和建设用地;水生态Ⅳ区包括浑河和太子河流域,其中浑河流域在1990～2000年时期景观格局的变化类型主要是由耕地转变为林地和建设用地,太子河流域耕地主要转变为林地。2000～2005年时期浑太河流域景观格局变化类型主要由减少的林地流向耕地。景观指数分析得到辽河流域景观变化的总体趋势是:形状更加复杂,异质性增加,破碎化程度加剧,尤其以建设用地的破碎度最高,并且有逐年增加的趋势。Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区景观连通性和聚合度在1990～2005年时期呈上升趋势,而在Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区在2000年景观结合度和连通度最低。研究时间内Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ区景观多样性和均匀性指数在前期变化不显著,后期显著上升,Ⅲ区多样性和均匀度最高时期是2000年,1990年和2005年差别不显著。     

1980—2020年永定河流域景观格局动态变化及驱动力分析

为研究高原—山区—平原—滨海生态要素梯级流动特性的流域景观格局动态变化规律,以永定河流域1980—2020年7期Landsat遥感影像为主要数据源,综合运用景观面积动态分析、景观格局指数和数理统计等方法分析了近40年来永定河流域景观格局演变特征,并揭示其驱动因子。结果表明：1）1980—2020年流域土地利用类型以耕地、林地、草地为主,面积占比约90%;近40年,耕地、草地面积分别减少1 376.38、463.42 m²,建设用地、林地面积增加,综合土地利用动态度在2015—2020年变化最大。2）在类型水平上,建设用地斑块破碎程度明显降低,其余用地类型变化不明显;景观水平上,香农多样性指数（SHDI）由1.29增至1.35,香农均匀度指数（SHEI）由0.67增至0.75,景观整体结构趋向复杂,异质性增加,团聚程度下降,景观破碎化加剧。3）流域景观格局变化受社会经济因素、自然因素和政策因素共同影响,其中社会经济发展为主要驱动力,经济发展和城乡人口结构变化是景观格局变化的主要驱动因子。

     

新开河流域湿地景观格局动态变化过程研究

论文利用遥感和GIS技术手段,运用土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局指数的模型,对新开河流域湿地近33年(1969-2001年)景观格局的动态变化过程进行了定量分析。结果显示:①随着流域人口的增加、土地利用活动的加强和水文条件的变化,新开河流域湿地不同程度地转化为草地、耕地、沙地和盐碱地,植物群落发生逆向演变。期间湿地总面积经历了大幅度减少到显著增加的落起过程;②新开河流域湿地景观破碎化严重,2001年沼泽地平均斑块面积、最大斑块面积、最大斑块周长较1969年分别减少了71.02%、71.08%、64.76%,景观破碎化指数由0.78上升到0.93。有关研究成果可为该流域湿地保护及其合理利用提供科学依据。     

博斯腾湖流域景观生态风险评价与时空变化

以博斯腾湖流域为研究区,利用eCognition软件对博斯腾湖流域1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年4期Landsat遥感影像分类。基于土地利用类型的生态脆弱度和景观干扰度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,并利用空间自相关分析方法,开展博斯腾湖流域景观生态风险评价的时空变化研究。结果表明:(1)1990-2015年,博斯腾湖流域景观格局变化明显,主要特征为水域景观面积减少了64.33%,景观优势度降低;林地、耕地和城镇用地增幅显著,三者分别增加了47.96%、44.77%和85.15%;草地仍是流域主导景观类型。流域整体斑块数量减少,景观破碎化程度减弱。(2)低风险区和较低风险区主要分布在流域北部,土地利用以草地为主;高风险区主要分布在流域东南部,土地利用以未利用地为主;较高风险区主要围绕高风险区分布;中等风险区分布比较零散。(3)1990-2015年间,高风险区面积增加了386 263 hm2,低风险区面积减少了217 216 hm2,研究区总体生态风险等级增加,博斯腾湖流域生态质量存在进一步退化的趋势。     

长江三角洲国际重要湿地人为胁迫遥感解析

以长江三角洲上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区、江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区、西溪国家湿地公园和江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区4处国际重要湿地为研究对象,以Landsat MSS/TM/OLI遥感影像为基础信息源,采用面向对象的遥感分类方法获取了1980~2015年4个国际重要湿地（Ramsar）的5期土地覆被数据.通过分析湿地面积、景观格局动态及景观指数变化等,定量解析人类活动对湿地景观变化的影响,研究发现：（1）35a间,研究区内湿地面积持续减少,其中上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区的湿地损失比例最高,为27.2%;（2）4个国际重要湿地的斑块数量和斑块密度都在增加,湿地趋于破碎化,景观间连通度降低.（3）耕地和人工表面增加是造成湿地损失的主要因素,耕地、人工表面、外来物种入侵和养殖池扩张等人为胁迫呈现上升趋势.（4）总体而言,入选国际重要湿地对人为活动有一定抑制作用,尤其是江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效最为显著;但湿地保护有效性仍有待提升.     

西双版纳景观格局时空变化及其生态效应研究

西双版纳景观格局演变对合理利用区域土地和维护生态平衡具有重要意义.以四期Landsat影像为数据源,研究了西双版纳1990年-2010年的景观格局变化特征,分析其生态效应.结果表明:林地景观面积减少293 km2,斑块数量一直增加;灌木林景观面积增加,斑块数量持续减少;耕地面积增加,斑块数量增加,表明在经济发展时,生物环境逐渐恶化;各类地表景观形状复杂程度增加,破碎化程度加重,分布趋于均匀化,表明在人类活动干扰下,生态环境质量呈现下降趋势,不利于生物的保护.     

长江流域景观格局变化对生态系统水质净化服务的影响

流域景观格局通过改变营养物质累积浓度空间分布而影响水质净化服务,探讨流域景观格局变化对水质净化服务的影响对于流域景观规划、生态系统保护和生态系统服务提升具有重要意义。以长江流域为研究区域,分析了两者变化特征及相关关系,结果表明:2000~2010年,长江上游农田减少0.92%、森林增加0.34%;中下游城镇增加6.87%、农田减少6.83%。景观配置变化中,流域各景观斑块复杂程度增加、景观聚集连通性降低、景观异质性增加;1 000 m河岸带中,各斑块大片聚集趋势更明显;流域水质净化服务量增强区域主要集中在上游的乌江水系、嘉陵江水系及宜宾至宜昌干流水系,最大增加10.5%,中下游大部分子流域水质净化服务下降,下降率最高达22.8%;景观配置中,景观聚集连通性降低、景观复杂程度增加和景观异质性的增加,都会削弱水质净化服务;子流域与河岸带景观格局变化解释水质净化服务空间变异的贡献率分别为29.4%和79.0%,表明河岸带景观格局的改变更能影响污染物的截留效率。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.