Actiflo~-D型滤池工艺污水深度处理运行性能分析

根据昆明市第三污水处理厂深度处理Actiflo-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明:该Actiflo-D型滤池工艺出水ρ(TP)平均为0.26 mg/L,最优水平值为0.09 mg/L,95%保证值为0.53 mg/L,TP平均去除率为49.3%;出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为9 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量为2~9 mg/L,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为55.8 mg/mg,投加比β为1~10 mol/mol;投加比β>4时,出水ρ(TP)≤0.5 mg/L。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.049元/t。     

PFS-PDM复合混凝剂对微污染河水的强化混凝处理

用聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)制备了复合混凝剂—聚合硫酸铁-聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PFS-PDM),并对微污染的流溪河水源水进行了强化混凝处理,对比分析了复合混凝剂与PFS2种处理的混凝效果.结果表明,与单独用PFS相比,用复合混凝剂处理冬季微污染流溪河水源水时,其对浊度、UV254及藻类去除能力更强;当投加量为3mg/L(以Fe计)时,PFS-PDM复合混凝剂的去浊率、除藻率和UV254去除率,分别提高22.1%、19.5%、14.9%,表现出优良的强化混凝效果.     

硫酸铝/PDM 复合混凝剂对夏季太湖水的混凝脱浊

 采用混凝烧杯实验,考察了硫酸铝(AS)/聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)复合混凝剂的复合比例、PDM 特征黏度对夏季太湖含藻水脱浊效果及絮团沉淀性能的影响,并与预加氯工艺条件下的混凝脱浊效果进行了比较.结果表明,对浊度22~26NTU、温度28~30℃、藻含量2.5×107个/L的太湖水,在与某市水厂混凝强度相近的搅拌强度下,PDM明显提高了AS的混凝脱浊效果与沉淀性能,且AS(以Al₂O₃计)/PDM复合配比越低,PDM 特征黏度越高,脱浊效果与沉淀性能越好.在达到2NTU 沉淀出水剩余浊度的情况下,AS 需4.27mg/L 的投加量,而质量复合比例为20:1~5:1 的AS/PDM 的复合混凝剂需AS 投加量3.99~2.07mg/L,减少6.56%~51.52%的AS 投加量;在沉淀出水浊度要求提高至1NTU 的情况下,AS 需7.11mg/L 的投加量,而质量复合比例为20:1~5:1 的AS/PDM 复合混凝剂需6.61~3.38mg/L 的投加量,减少AS 投加量13.36%~52.46%.复合混凝剂能够在一定程度上取代预加氯的助凝脱浊功能,尽可能地减少预加氯投加量.     

强化混凝气浮-生物接触氧化处理微污染水的试验研究

试验以某高职院内小河水为原水,采用强化混凝气浮-生物接触氧化工艺,改变混凝剂种类、投加量、回流比和有机负荷等参数,分别测定出水的浊度、CODMn、NH3-N.结果表明,采用强化混凝气浮-生物接触氧化工艺,处理微污染水中的最佳运行参数为：回流比0.6,溶气罐表压0.3MPa,PAC投加量10mg/L,生物接触氧化池容积负荷1.8kgCOD/（m3.d）～1.9 kgCOD/（m3.d）.在最佳运行工况下,污染物的最高去除率可达到：浊度,97.86％;CODMn,61％;NH3-N,27％.利用强化混凝气浮-生物接触氧化作为微污染水源水常规给水处理的预处理方法技术上是可行的.     

锰矿区受污染水体处理方法研究

以Mn~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的配水来模拟锰矿区受污染水体,研究KMn O4预氧化与混凝组合工艺对Mn~(2+)的去除效果。考察了KMn O4投加量、预氧化时间、混凝剂种类、混凝剂投加量以及水力条件等因素对Mn~(2+)去除的影响,并得出最佳反应条件。在最佳反应条件下,Mn~(2+)的去除率可以达到99.9%。当Mn~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L时,KMnO_4的投加量为15 mg/L,该投加量仅为理论投加量的78.3%,这是因为生成的MnO_2对Mn~(2+)有吸附作用。对于初始Mn~(2+)浓度在4～14 mg/L范围内的水体,按照78.3%的当量投加,处理后的Mn~(2+)出水浓度均低于0.1 mg/L。当溶液p H在6～8.5之间变化时,溶液p H对Mn~(2+)的去除和浊度几乎没有影响。当配水浊度在0～50 NTU之间变化时,出水浊度均低于1.5 NTU。实验证明该方法对于实际受锰污染的水体同样有效。     

复合混凝剂用于夏季太湖水混凝脱浊研究

用特征粘度系列化的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合得到稳定的复合混凝剂,用于夏季高藻太湖水强化混凝脱浊处理.通过混凝烧杯实验.考察了无机/有机复合比例、PDM特征粘度对脱浊效果及絮团沉淀性能的影响.结果表明,对浊度为30-33 NTU,温度为28～30℃,藻含量为2.6×107个儿的太湖水,在与某市水厂混凝强度相近的搅拌强度下.当达到该水厂2NTU沉淀池出水的余浊标准时,PAC需7.00 mg/L的投加量.质量复合比例为5:1、10:1、20:1的PAC(以Al2O3计)/PDM复合混凝剂所需PAC投加量随PDM特征粘度0.52、1.53、2.46 dL/g的增加分别为3.00-2.83 ms/L、3.50-3.49ms/L、5.37-4.67 mg/L,相对于PAC减少投加量57.14%-59.57%、50%-50.14%、23.29%-33.29%;作为深度处理的技术准备.当沉淀出水浊度要求提高至1NTU的情况下,复合药剂依然可发挥好的作用,PAC需10 mg/L的投加量,PAC(以Al2O3计)与PDM质量复合配比为20:1、10:1、5:1的复合混凝剂需8.33-3.91 mg/L的投加量,能比PAC减少投加量16.7%～60.9%.可见,PDM明显提高了PAC的混凝脱浊效果与沉淀性能,且PAC/PDM质量复合配比越低,PDM特征粘度越高,脱浊效果与沉淀性能越好.     

AS/PDM复合混凝剂对冬季太湖原水除藻效果研究

由聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDM)与硫酸铝(AS)制成的系列稳定AS/PDM复合混凝剂,用于冬季太湖原水的除藻效果研究.通过混凝除藻实验,考察了复合混凝剂加药量、AS与PDM复配质量比(20∶1～5∶1)、PDM特征黏度(0.55～3.99 dL/g)对除藻效果的影响,分析了使用复合混凝剂替代预加氯工艺的可行性.结果表明,对原水使用AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1～3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂后的余浊达到2 NTU的水厂沉淀出水浊度标准时,其加药量(以Al₂Ｏ₃计)分别为4.24 mg/L、 3.96～1.87 mg/L,除藻率分别为83.00%、 87.52%～90.93%;加药量为4.24 mg/L时,其除藻率分别为83.00%、 88.29%～97.66%,余浊分别为2.00 NTU、 1.76～0.43 NTU.对加氯水的加药量为4.50 mg/L时,AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS对加氯水的处理效果;AS/PDM(3.99/5∶1)复合混凝剂对原水的处理效果优于AS、AS/PDM(0.55/20∶1)、AS/PDM(1.53/10∶1)复合混凝剂对加氯水的处理效果.因此,AS/PDM复合混凝剂可明显提高AS对冬季太湖原水的处理效果,与单独使用AS相比,余浊达标时节省加药量,加药量相等时提高处理效果.此外,使用复合混凝剂还可替代预氯氧化工艺中加氯对混凝除藻作用的部分功能,有利于提高水质安全性.     

纳米Fe_3O_4强化混凝-Fenton氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用纳米Fe_3O_4与Fe Cl3制备复合混凝剂,利用混凝沉淀-Fenton氧化工艺预处理垃圾渗滤液原水,研究其处理效果。结果表明:在纳米Fe_3O_4投加量为2 g/L,Fe Cl3投加量为1.4 g/L时制备的复合混凝剂,在p H值为6.5,转速为300 r/min下快速搅拌1 min,转速为100 r/min下慢速搅拌30 min,沉淀时间为30 min的条件下,COD去除率为56.8%,ρ(COD)可由5 240 mg/L降低到2 264 mg/L;利用Fenton氧化处理混凝处理出水,在H_2O_2的投加量为5.5 g/L,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe2+)=4,p H值为6,反应时间为80 min,反应温度为25℃的最佳条件下,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为55.7%和40.1%,最终出水ρ(COD)和ρ(氨氮)分别为1 003 mg/L和670 mg/L;该组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液有较好的处理效果,COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为80.8%、59.5%和76.2%。     

改性聚合硫酸铁去除微污染水中Pb2+的影响因素

以改性聚合硫酸铁(MPFS)为混凝剂,对微污染水源水中微量Pb2+的去除进行了研究.考察了水的pH值、MPFS投加量、Pb2+初始浓度和源水浊度等因素对Pb2+去除的影响.结果表明,在pH>6的条件下,当源水中Pb2+浓度为0.1mg/L时,投加3.00mg/L的MPFS(以Fe计),可使水中Pb2+的去除率达到90％以上,满足生活饮用水水质指标;当水中Pb2+初始浓度较高时,适当增加MPFS投加量,即可使Pb2+得到有效去除.     

吸附-强化混凝处理煤气冷凝水的试验研究

以包钢高炉煤气冷凝水处理系统为研究对象,通过静态混凝沉淀试验和吸附试验研究了复合混凝剂与高分子纳米吸附剂对煤气冷凝水处理效果的影响。复合混凝剂与高分子纳米吸附剂的最佳配比及最佳运行参数为:聚合硫酸铁投加量为25mg/L、聚丙烯酰胺投加量为0.15mg/L、pH值为8.5左右、温度为20℃、高分子纳米吸附剂投加量为2ml/L、振荡时间为60min、振荡频率为90r/min;经处理后,出水悬浮物(SS)的去除率为98%以上,浊度去除率为97%以上,Cl-的去除率为80%以上,SO2-4的去除率达30%以上,且出水清澈,达到了工业循环冷却水回用水质的标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.