Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

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Clomazone dissipation, adsorption and translocation in four paddy topsoils

IntroductionClomazone,(2 [(2 chlorophenyl)methyl ] 4 ,4 dimethyl 3 isoxazolidinone) ,isasoil appliedisoxazolidinoneherbicideproducedbyFMCCorp .Itisintroducedforannualgrassandbroad spectrumweedsinsoybeans(Rani,1998;Vyas,2 0 0 0 ) .Itisalsocurrentlyregis…     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

涕灭威在植物和土壤中的移动与分布

报道了涕灭威在花生、棉花、柑橘和土壤中的吸收、运转和分布。结果表明，涕灭威及其代谢物在柑橘叶子中的残留４０ｄ达到最高峰（３．４４９ｐｐｍ），可食部位的残留范围为０－０．０８９ｐｐｍ，低于美国ＥＰＡ规定的ＭＲＬ。涕灭威在土壤中降解较快，半衰期约１周。收获时土壤中的检出范围为０－０．１５７ｐｐｍ。涕灭威及其代谢物水溶性很强，且具有渗透和扩散性，因此使用不当可能造成地下水污染。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区苜蓿地土壤水分环境效应

根据田间试验资料,分析研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区苜蓿地土壤水分的周年变化规律,并以休闲地和几种一年生作物地作为对照进行对比研究,得出以下主要结论:①雨季降水对苜蓿地土壤水分的补给起着重要的作用,其土壤贮水量动态与年内的降雨周期相吻合,但总体上朝着土壤不断干化的方向发展;②经过一个雨季,苜蓿地的土壤贮水量与平均含水量分别呈不同程度的下降,而休闲地与4月份持平;③相同的降水对不同作物地的补给效果不同,以3m土层计算,苜蓿地的农田蒸散量与谷子、玉米相当,比豆子地高,但要低于高粱地;④长期种植苜蓿引起的深层土壤干化问题必须引起足够的重视,干化土地的水分恢复不是一朝一夕的事情。     

贵州荔波喀斯特与非喀斯特地区土壤水运移的对比研究

以我国西南地区典型的喀斯特与非喀斯特样地为研究对象,采集大气降水和土壤水,根据其δD值、δ18O值和水量特征探讨土面生境非植物主根区土壤水的运移特征。结果表明:喀斯特样地土壤基质流的混合作用较弱,非喀斯特样地表层(0～20 cm)土壤基质流的混合作用也较弱,但随深度增加基质流的混合作用增强;喀斯特与非喀斯特样地土壤基质流都可能存在活塞流运移机制,尤其是喀斯特样地,活塞流很可能是基质流的一种重要运移机制;喀斯特样地土壤介质中存在优先流,优先流空间异质性较大;蒸发作用对非喀斯特样地表层土壤基质孔隙水影响较大,而对喀斯特样地土壤水的影响较小。这为喀斯特区水资源的管理和合理利用,以及区域植物水分利用和营养元素循环利用等研究奠定基础。     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

The quantitative fractions of conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes with initial moisture of 70% sorted from municipal solid wastes(MSW)in lysimeters into biogas,leachate and solid residue were characterized,under temperatures of 25,30 and 41℃,respectively,and circulation of leachate generated within the lysimeters.It is found that 27% of organic carbon in the wastes are conversed into gases,0.8% into leachate,and the other 72% remained in the decomposable solid residues,after 180 days‘ degradation at 41℃. Higher temperature will lead to monr rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to boty solid residues and leachate,while the pollutant concentrations in leachate will be lower at a higher temperature and values of COD are quite consistent with TOC.     

SDBS及腐殖酸对涕灭威及其氧化产物水解的影响

 研究了腐殖酸(胡敏酸,HA和富里酸,FA)和表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对氨基甲酸酯农药涕灭威及其氧化产物涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解作用的影响.结果表明,SDBS可以促进涕灭威及其氧化产物的水解,随着SDBS的浓度由0增加为1200mg/L,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别增加了约8倍,7倍和6倍.腐殖酸可抑制涕灭威及其氧化产物的水解.在pH值为12的水溶液中,当FA的浓度由0增大到1000mg/L时,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别下降了83%,50%,68%;随着HA的浓度由0增大到1000mg/L时,涕灭威,涕灭威亚砜和涕灭威砜的水解速率常数K值分别下降了45%,56%,22%.研究结果对受农药污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

涕灭威在烟草及土壤中残留动态研究

烟草,土壤中涕灭威总有毒残留分别用丙酮、丙酮与水混合液提取,过氧乙酸氧化,液-液分配和柱层析净化后,气相色谱检测。方法回收率在83~105%之间,土壤、鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的最小检出浓度分别为0.0135ppm,0.0169ppm和0.0339ppm。      

Vertical and horizontal movement of phorate and its metabolites in field soil under cropped and uncropped conditions

Vertical and horizontal movement of phorate and its metabolites in field microplots was studied under cropped and uncropped conditions in winter and summer seasons. Phorate bands were placed 2.5 cm below the soil surface and were subject to leaching by irrigation and rain. The crops used were peas, in winter, and maize, in summer. Periodic analyses of samples showed that total phorate residues (TPR) were significantly more mobile under cropped conditions than in fallow conditions in both seasons. The peak concentration depth remained at 7.5 cm throughout most of the experimental period. Irrespective of treatments, downward movement of TPR was greater in winter. Horizontal movement of TPR was greater under cropped conditions in summer. Differences in lateral mobility were insignificant in two seasons under cropped conditions. However, under uncropped conditions, horizontal movement was relatively more in the summer season. TPR persisted in the soil for 120 and 90 days in winter and summer, respectively. The TPR persistence was almost the same in the two crops. Maize and pea plants at harvest had residues below the legal health tolerance limit. Half-life values of TPR in maize and pea plants were 38 and 42 days, respectively.     

Response of runoff and soil loss to reforestation and rainfall type in red soil region of southern China

To evaluate the long-term effects of reforestation types on soil erosion on degraded land, vegetation and soil properties under conventional sloping farmland (CSF) and three different reforestation types including a Pinus massoniana secondary forest (PSF), an Eucommia ulmoides artificial economic forest (EEF) and a natural succession type forest (NST), were investigated at runoff plot scale over a six-year period in a red soil region of southern China. One hundred and thirty erosive rainfall events generating runoff in plots were grouped into four rainfall types by means of K-mean clustering method. Erosive rainfall type I is the dominant rainfall type. The amount of runoff and the soil loss under erosive rainfall type III were the most, followed by rain-fall type II, IV and I. Compared with CSF treatment, reforestation treatments decreased the average annual runoff depth and the soil loss by 25.5%–61.8% and 93.9%– 96.2% during the study period respectively. Meanwhile, runoff depth at PSF and EEF treatments was significantly lower than that in NST treatment, but no significant difference existed in soil erosion modulus among the three reforestation treatments. This is mainly due to the improved vegetation properties (i.e., vegetation coverage, biomass of above- and below-ground and litter-fall mass) and soil properties (i.e., bulk density, total porosity, infiltration rate and organic carbon content) in the three reforestation treatments compared to CSF treatment. The PSF and EEF are recommended as the preferred reforestation types to control runoff and soil erosion in the red soil region of southern China, with the NST potentially being used as an important supplement.     

Variations in soil properties along three toposequences in Burkina Faso and implications for the development of improved cropping systems

Three toposequences representing different stages in the degradation process were studied for the Sudanian Savanna zone of Burkina Faso. Morphological, chemical and mineralogical soil data are presented for the major toposequence land types easily recognized in the landscape.Owing to their low initial fertility, most soils of uplands and upper and mid-slopes are prone to rapid degradation when cultivation is intensified and fallow periods are shortened due to growing populations and the presence of growing animal herds. Once the permanent vegetation has been removed, these soils tend to develop dense surface crusts which reduce moisture infiltration, thereby increasing runoff and erosion as well as the risks of drought. By contrast, the soils of the lower slopes are more fertile and their moisture availability is more assured. The lowland soils are generally the most fertile but may suffer from occasional waterlogging. The local agriculture will often permanently occupy the lower slopes and lowland fields, whereas the higher fields will be in fallow systems. The cropping systems vary simultaneously among different land types. Based on the soil studies and crop adaptation patterns to toposequence land types, certain modifications to the present cropping systems and cultural practices are proposed to developed more stable and sustainable production systems for upland areas in particular.     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

A simulation experiment on vertical transport of herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) in soil column was conducted using lysimeter system. The atrazine concentrations in leaching water and soil samples in column at 8 layers with 10 cm thick of each layer were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show total atrazine amount in leaching water increases nonlinearly with the leaching time and the herbicide application rate, and the atrazine concentrations in column soil decrease with the vertical depth after water leaching. The distribution of atrazine mass in the system after 154 days were that among the applied atrazine, 0.3 ％ is out through leaching water, 1％ is methanol extractable residues in soil, 46 ％ is methanol nonextractable residues in soil, and 52 ％ is other loss (including volatilization and degradation). The study indicates movement of atrazine in agriculture soil may not only have relation to the properties of herbicide, but also to the herbicide application history.     

Simulation study on vertical transport of atrazine in soil column

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林丹在玉米、大豆及土壤中的残留量及其消解动态研究

田间试验表明,在河南地区施用农药林丹的残留量,玉米为1～1.7μg/kg,平均1.4μg/kg;大豆为3.3～5.7μg/kg,乎均4.8 μg/kg。直接喷于作物上,大豆为5.2～6.4μg/kg,平均5.7μg/kg,土壤为6.2～10.1μg/kg,平均8.2μg/kg。残留消解动态曲线表明,林丹在土壤中的半衰期为1～4.5 d。作物籽粒吸收林丹有一个过程。玉米籽粒在施药3 d后、大豆在施药34 d后籽粒中残留量达最高点,往后便逐渐降解。林丹在籽粒中的残留动态曲线呈一缓慢的峰形。林丹在大豆中的残留量明显高于玉米。大豆在被收获前31～11 d施药时,籽粒中的残留量超过联合国推荐的允许量100μg/kg。      

14C-呋喃丹农药在水稻-土壤生态系统中迁移和归宿的研究

研究了~(14)C-呋喃丹在水稻-土壤系统中的吸收、分布、迁移、转化,结果表明,呋喃丹随时间逐渐蓄积于水稻叶尖及边缘,而稻穗部位迁移甚微,收割后糙米中母体残留量仅为0.003ppm.在稻田土、水稻植株、水生植物中主要转化产物为结合态,蜗牛中则以代谢产物为主.呋喃丹有向土壤深层转移的趋向,其转化产物比母体有更强的渗透性,水生植物有较强吸收和富集能力,并很快转化代谢.     

β-内酰胺类菌渣肥对生菜根际土壤细菌及抗性基因的影响

内酰胺类菌渣的资源化处理已成为生物制药企业急需解决的问题.为探究β-内酰胺类菌渣资源化产物是否满足《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)标准,施加后是否会对作物根际土壤微生物产生显著影响以及是否会导致ARGs(抗生素抗性基因)的富集等问题,该研究选用经水热干燥喷雾(HT+SD)处理后的头孢菌渣和板框压滤(MD)处理后的青霉素菌渣为研究对象,以空白组、化肥处理组为对照,各施肥处理均采用高施用量(1%)和低施用量(0.5%)两种肥料投加量进行盆栽试验.通过16S rRNA及HT-qPCR方法研究了菌渣肥对生菜根际土壤细菌多样性、物种组成、ARGs以及MGEs(可移动遗传元件)的影响.结果表明：在经过无害化处理后的菌渣中,残留抗生素远低于HPLC-MS检出限(<6.78μg/kg),含水率降低95%,重金属、有机质等指标均能满足《有机肥料》(NY/T 525—2021)要求;相较于施肥量,施肥类型对土壤细菌群落结构的影响更明显,其中,两种菌渣处理组Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于化肥处理组(P<0.05);两种菌渣的施用均没有改变土壤细菌组成,各处理组中最丰富的菌门皆...     

冬季绿肥对黄土高原旱作春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

利用田间试验研究了冬季绿肥对旱作春玉米农田土壤温室气体排放的影响.试验设燕麦、小扁豆、燕麦与小扁豆混播和裸地休闲共4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤温室气体（CO₂、N₂ O和CH₄）排放通量进行观测.结果表明,旱作春玉米-冬季绿肥种植系统土壤是CO₂、N₂ O的排放源和CH₄的吸收汇.与裸地休闲相比,燕麦和小扁豆在冬闲期对土壤CO₂累积排放量没有影响,但在春玉米生长期间导致土壤CO₂累积排放量分别增加了7.77%和25.7%（P<0.05）,混播导致冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤CO₂累积排放量分别增加了19.1%和14.5%（P<0.05）.种植燕麦后冬闲期和春玉米生长期间土壤N₂ O累积排放量较裸地休闲分别降低了11.6%和14.7%（P<0.05）,而小扁豆分别增加了31.9%和14.9%（P<0.05）;混播导致冬闲期土壤N₂ O累积排放量降低了19.2%（P<0.05）,但在春玉米生长期间差异不显著.与裸地休闲相比,燕麦、小扁豆和混播冬闲期土壤CH₄累积吸收量分别降低了37.9%、23.6%和29.6%（P<0.05）,春玉米生长期间分别降低了19.4%、33.5%和31.5%（P<0.05）,其中小扁豆和混播在冬闲期和春玉米生长期间差异均不显著.燕麦较裸地休闲在农田综合增温潜势（GWP）、春玉米产量和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）差异均不显著.小扁豆和混播显著提高了GWP,其中小扁豆显著高于混播.而与裸地休闲相比,小扁豆和混播分别提高了春玉米产量的20.3%和15.4%（P<0.05）,但对GHGI没有显著影响.综合考虑GWP、春玉米产量和GHGI,本地区冬闲期间将小扁豆和燕麦二者混播能增加春玉米产量的同时有效降低土壤温室气体排放强度.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on soil nitrate distribution

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