聚类分析及其在土地利用分类中的应用

本文通过探讨聚类分析的模式相似性测度,计算方法和步骤,结合土地利用的实际,提出了分类指标,并给出了土地利用聚类分析的计算方法和步骤。     

贫困地区旅游开发的土地利用--以安徽舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例

通过对贫困地区旅游开发过程中土地利用变化的分析,提出了土地利用变化的驱动力和评价原则,并根据旅游地生命周期理论,对未来土地利用的趋势和方向进行了分析,同时指出在开发旅游时应注意的问题.以安徽省舒城县百丈岩旅游区为例,在分析旅游开发可行性的基础上提出了本区的旅游发展战略,最后分析了旅游开发对土地利用结构变化的影响.     

城市化进程中土地利用结构的时序变化及驱动力——以辽宁省为例

根据1995—2008年《辽宁省统计年鉴》及土地利用数据,以人口城市化率反映城市化水平,基于信息熵和均衡度原理,分析了辽宁省城市化过程中土地利用结构的动态变化特征,探讨了土地利用结构信息熵和均衡度动态变化的驱动机制。结果表明,伴随着城市化的不断加快,1995—2008年辽宁省土地利用信息熵、均衡度呈现波动状态,各土地利用类型的面积占土地总面积的比例逐渐趋于均衡。但从总体趋势看,土地利用结构的均质性较差,人口因素、经济因素是影响土地利用结构信息熵和均衡度时空变化的主要驱动因子。     

基于信息熵的区域环境安全评价——以武汉市为例

土地利用变化所引起的环境影响及其环境安全评价已成为全球变化研究的核心。根据区域环境质量评价方法，引入信息熵的概念，以武汉市为例分析了近14年土地利用结构变化对环境的影响，并从土地-环境-经济三方面对其作了比较分析。结果表明，武汉市的整体环境趋于恶化，分区环境质量变化不平衡，生态系统经济价值总态势趋于下降。     

2003—2008年兰州市土地利用变化及其驱动因素研究

土地利用变化的驱动力研究是全球变化研究中的一个重点。以甘肃省兰州市为例,在土地变更详查数据及兰州市统计年鉴资料基础上,研究土地利用变化的特点,分析城镇化、工业化过程中的土地利用变化趋势及土地利用变化驱动因子。运用主成分分析法得到兰州市土地利用变化的主要驱动因子为人口增长、经济发展、农业发展、政府政策。根据研究结果提出土地管理措施,为研究区土地的可持续利用提供依据。     

果树缺铁失绿症矫治方法简述

本文简单评述了果树缺铁失绿症的多种矫治方法及其效果,以供各地在矫治果树失绿症时参考。     

县域土地利用强度变化的空间异质性研究——以山东省冠县为例

以山东省冠县为研究区域,采用系统网格采样法获取研究样本,以地统计学方法探讨了冠县1990-2000年土地利用强度变化的空间异质性.结果表明,研究时段土地利用强度变化存在明显的空间异质性,受交通干线的影响,东西的方向性结构尤其突出,各级行政中心也起了一定的辅助作用,体现了土地利用强度变化的行政边缘效应.     

基于生态服务价值的土地利用变化影响分析——以包头市为例

以包头市为例,根据包头市1996—2006年土地利用变更数据,利用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,研究了包头市近十年来土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。研究表明,包头市1996—2006年间生态系统服务价值从189.49亿元增加到192.34亿元,生态系统服务价值上升了2.85亿元,价值变化率为1.48%,说明包头市土地利用环境整体朝着有利的方向发展,但是各单项生态系统服务功能的发展还不十分平衡。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的城市土地利用景观格局分析

以IKONOS卫星遥感影像为基础数据源,在GIS技术的支持下,获取了泸州市区的土地利用类型。借鉴景观生态学的基本原理和方法,基于Fragstats 3.3软件,用景观格局指数定量分析了泸州市区土地利用景观格局的特征。分析结果表明,泸州市区土地利用景观类型丰富,景观多样性程渡高,景观类型均匀程度也较高,但优势景观类型不明显;由于人类干扰程度较大,土地利用景观破碎,稳定性较差。     

污泥土地利用生态风险评价初探

生态风险评价是污泥环境风险评价的重要组成部分。本文通过对美国污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究，阐述了污泥土地利用生态风险评价过程中涉及的基本概念和定量研究方法，并对存在的困难进行了探讨。文章建议我国应借鉴国外污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究方法，尽快建立适合我国污泥处置的生态风险评价标准方法和指南，以发挥其在环境保护和管理中的作用。     

The Political Economy of Land Grabs in Malawi: Investigating the Contribution of Limphasa Sugar Corporation to Rural Development

Though a recent phenomenon, land grabs have generated considerable debate that remains highly polarized. In this debate, one view presents land deals as a path to sustainable and transformative rural development through capital accumulation, infrastructural development, technology transfer, and job creation while the alternative view sees land grabs as a new wave of neo-colonization, exploitation, and domination. The underlying argument, at least theoretically, is that international land deals unlock the much needed capital to accelerate the achievement of sustainable and transformative rural development in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the contribution of large scale land deals in Malawi to rural development by employing the political economy perspective using the Limphasa Sugar Corporation as a case study with particular focus on the nature and interest of the actors involved; the legal framework supporting large scale land deals; major individual and community benefits; and the extent to which these large land deals can indeed bring about sustainable and transformative rural development. The findings of this article demonstrate that large scale land deals present short term benefits to local communities such as capital for rural development; technology transfer and job creation in exchange for the priceless economic and social capital that local people depend upon; destruction of local social systems; deepening of local communities’ vulnerability to economic shocks; and the entrenchment of community dependence that may in the long run result in social and political unrest.     

Dueling Land Ethics: Uncovering Agricultural Stakeholder Mental Models to Better Understand Recent Land Use Conversion

The aim of this paper is to investigate how alternative land ethics of agricultural stakeholders may help explain recent land use changes. The paper first explores the historical development of the land ethic concept in the United States and how those ethics have impacted land use policy and use of private lands. Secondly, primary data gathered from semi-structured interviews of farmers, ranchers, and influential stakeholders are then analyzed using stakeholder analysis methods to identify major factors considered in land use decisions, priorities of factors of each group, and to define relevant mental models describing each group’s view of the land ethic concept. Results show that these stakeholder groups prioritize land use factors qualitatively differently and possess strikingly different land ethics. It is concluded that shifts in stakeholder land ethics have contributed to recent land use changes. Lastly, we discuss how current agricultural policy sends mixed signals about preferred land use and the potential ramifications based on the different land ethics we’ve described.     

基于GIS修正法与因素法的农用地定级研究——以四川省乐山市中区为例

以GIS为平台，采用修正法和因素法相结合，对乐山市中区农用地定级进行了研究。通过确定因素权重、选择定级模型，计算出修正法和因素法两种定级结果。经过实地验证和模型模拟分析表明：修正法比因素法更适合县级农用地定级，同时修正法能与农用地分等成果相衔接，比因素法适用效果更好。采用GIS技术，实现了系统、快速、科学的农用地定级，对其它地区开展农用地定级工作有很好的借鉴作用。     

闽南地区农村征地冲突的风险预警及防范对策--以福建省晋江市为例

借鉴社会冲突理论构建了农村征地冲突风险预警指标体系,并以闽南地区晋江市为案例区,运用模糊综合评价法分析了农村征地冲突风险警级水平及其产生机制。结果表明:闽南地区农村征地冲突风险水平整体处于中警级别,农村征地冲突风险警级水平与该区域的特征密切相关。基于研究结果,为有效防范闽南地区农村征地冲突风险,应从完善征地纠纷矛盾调解机制、尊重农户心理需求和文化认同、建立分级控制预警机制等方面制定风险防范对策。     

Land Degradation: A Challenge to Ethiopia

Land degradation is a great threat for the future and it requires great effort and resources to ameliorate. The major causes of land degradation in Ethiopia are the rapid population increase, severe soil loss, deforestation, low vegetative cover and unbalanced crop and livestock production. Inappropriate land-use systems and land-tenure policies enhance desertification and loss of agrobiodiversity. Utilization of dung and crop residues for fuel and other uses disturbs the sustainability of land resources. The supply of inputs such as fertilizer, farm machinery and credits are very low. The balance between crop, livestock, and forest production is disturbed, and the farmer is forced to put more land into crop production. For environmentally and socially sustainable development, there is an urgent need to promote awareness and understanding of the interdependence of natural, socioeconomic, and political systems at local and national levels. Understanding the current status and causes of land degradation is very important. This paper reveals the important elements of land degradation in Ethiopia and suggests possible solutions that may help to ameliorate the situation.     

建设用地省际空间再配置——改进建设用地空间配置现状的路径选择

从我国建设用地需求不断增长且供需之间存在着严重结构性不均衡的实际背景出发,在考察我国相关土地政策的建设用地空间配置现状的基础上,从正反两个角度论证了实施建设用地省际空间再配置的可能性,并提出了在建设用地省际空间再配置完成从理论可能到事实可行时应警惕的若干问题,指出如果机制设计合理,实施建设用地省际空间再配置将真正成为一种改进建设用地空间配置现状的多赢路径,也将成为推动我国经济增长和区域协调发展的新动力。     

A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary

Estuarine ecosystems are largely influenced by watersheds directly connected to them. In the Mobile Bay, Alabama watersheds we examined the effect of land cover and land use (LCLU) changes on discharge rate, water properties, and submerged aquatic vegetation, including freshwater macrophytes and seagrasses, throughout the estuary. LCLU scenarios from 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030 were used to influence watershed and hydrodynamic models and evaluate the impact of LCLU change on shallow aquatic ecosystems. Overall, our modeling results found that LCLU changes increased freshwater flows into Mobile Bay altering temperature, salinity, and total suspended sediments (TSS). Increased urban land uses coupled with decreased agricultural/pasture lands reduced TSS in the water column. However, increased urbanization or agricultural/pasture land coupled with decreased forest land resulted in higher TSS concentrations. Higher sediment loads were usually strongly correlated with higher TSS levels, except in areas where a large extent of wetlands retained sediment discharged during rainfall events. The modeling results indicated improved water clarity in the shallow aquatic regions of Mississippi Sound and degraded water clarity in the Wolf Bay estuary. This integrated modeling approach will provide new knowledge and tools for coastal resource managers to manage shallow aquatic habitats that provide critical ecosystem services.     

新时期高速公路建设节约用地创新性研究

"十一五"期间,我国提出了新版国家高速公路网络规划,新一轮的高速公路建设热潮正在展开,同时高速公路建设与节约土地资源,特别是高速公路建设与保护耕地资源之间的矛盾日益显著.结合国家现行土地利用政策,就今后在高速公路建设中如何有效节约土地资源,从政策机制、项目管理、施工技术等对建设高速公路节约用地提出了创新性思考和可行性建议.     

我国土地年租制的发展趋势--年租制与增量土地供应

随着我国产业结构的急剧变化,城市建设用地需求量激增,与农业争地现象严重,征地、供地环节的问题日益突出。在这种环境下,实施土地年租制的重要性逐渐凸显。在肯定年租制盘活城市存量土地的有效作用的基础上,着重分析了在增量土地供应环节引入年租制,对进一步完善土地有偿使用制度,从而遏制圈地运动,协助解决征地补偿问题,以及为国家创造更多的土地收益等方面的积极作用,为我国年租制的发展方向提供理论参考和实践依据。     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜污染地下水的潜在风险研究

本研究旨在通过土柱淋溶实验来研究堆肥污泥土地利用后重金属铜的溶出性,以及对地下水的影响。结果表明:与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨(pH=4.5)会使土壤中Cu的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。经长期淋溶后发现,淋出液中铜的浓度呈现有起伏的递减趋势,最高峰浓度达到0.0702mg/L,远低于地下水Ⅲ类标准(1.0mg/L),污泥土地利用后Cu对地下水的污染风险较小。