超高压液相色谱-串联质谱测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了地表水中6种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品直接过膜上样,用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定地表水中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯。结果表明,6种PAEs线性相关性良好,方法最低检出限为0．01～ 0．05μg/L,低、中、高三个浓度的加标回收率在87．4％～106．9％之间。该方法方便、准确、灵敏度高,适合地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测分析。     

淮南市平山头水源地水中PAEs污染情况分析

以淮南市平山头水厂水源4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）：邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）为研究对象,研究了水源地水中PAEs的污染情况。研究结果表明：DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP的检出率分别为50％、83．3％、83．3％、100％,DBP的达标率为100％;DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP对∑4PAEs污染的贡献率依次为：5．2％、3．7％、20．1％、71．1％,说明平山头水厂水源地水中PAEs污染主要以DBP为主。水源地各采样点∑4PAEs的含量范围0．632～1．623μg／L,其采样断面平均浓度顺序为：上游〉中游〉下游。     

成都市府河流域邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态风险评价

选取成都市府河城区段作为研究对象,采用固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱质谱联用仪法(GC-MS)测定了地表水中7种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类物质的含量,并通过风险熵值法(RQs)对这7种PAEs进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,7种钛酸酯在所有检测点位中均有检出,检出率范围为50%～100%,丰水期和枯水期7种PAEs的总质量浓度(ΣPAEs)分别为1.72～8.27μg/L和2.26～5.30μg/L,两个水期中主要污染物均为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),与国内外其它地表水相比,成都市府河城区段7种PAEs的含量处于中等偏低水平;生态风险评价结果表明,成都市府河城区段地表水中7种PAEs对水生生物存在较高风险。     

湖州地区土壤邻苯二甲酸酯空间分布现状特征分析

采用气相色谱一质谱联用方法,对湖州地区表层土壤样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物进行了联合测定。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是湖州地区土壤中主要的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物;6种PAEs的总含量在nd（未检出）～1．1009mg·kg^-1之间;与美国土壤中PAEs标准限值相比,有个别区域的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DnBP）超标;湖州地区土壤中PAEs整体污染状况较轻。     

高效液相色谱法测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

建立了一种用高效液相色谱技术测定水中4种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的分析方法,确定了最佳的色谱条件:采用梯度淋洗,流动相为水、乙腈,分析时间为16 min。采用标准溶液系列进行分析,绘制工作曲线,并计算回归系数。进行了回收率、检出限实验,当取样量为1L时,4种邻苯二甲酸酯类回收率均在85%以上,RSD1%。在现场进行了实际应用,结果表明:水源原水以及沿线的干渠中,检测到邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯,其平均浓度范围为0.4~1.8μg/L,均小于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中的限值。出厂水未检出邻苯二甲酸酯类物质。     

氢化物原子荧光法同时测定水中的硒和汞

采用氢化物一原子荧光法，应用AFS-2202a型双道原子荧光仪联合测定水中的硒和汞，方法的检出限为：Se0．31μg／L、Hg0．01μg／L，线性范围为：Se0-20．0μg／L、Hg0～2．00μg／L。     

SPE-HPLC/MS联用法测定地表水中的PFOA及PFOS含量

本文建立了固相萃取与高效液相色谱／质谱（HPLC／MS）联用的方法来测定地表水中全氟辛酸（PFOA）及全氟辛烷基磺酸（PFOS）的含量。此方法中PFOA在水样中的线性范围为40ng／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9986，PFOS在水样中的线性范围为5n异／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9905。此方法中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均回收率分另13为83.91％和86.63％。水样中全氟辛酸和全氟辛炕基磺酸的检出限均为0.5ng／L。方法准确、可靠，分析结果令人满意。采用此方法测定了上海部分地区地表水中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的含量。实验结果表明，上海地区长江入海口处徐六泾段全氟辛酸的平均浓度是46．88ng／L，全氟辛烷基磺酸未检出；黄浦江段全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均浓度分别是1594．83ng／L（前处理后需稀释10倍以确保在方法线性范围内）和20．46ng/L。可见长江及黄浦江流域的全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的控制与治理亟待提上议程。     

气相色谱法测定水中内吸磷

建立了氯仿萃取、高效毛细管柱分离、气相色谱．火焰光度检测器测定水中痕量内吸磷的方法。方法在0～200μg／L范围线性良好,内吸磷的检出限为0．1μg／L,RSD≤3．7％,平均加标回收率在90．8％～98．2％之间。     

九寨沟白水河污染特征研究

通过对2012年4月～2013年3月九寨沟白水河不同断面水样分析,研究了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中表1“地表水环境质量标准基本项目”的含量变化,并对铬、镉、硒、铜、汞、锌、铅、砷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数进行污染状况评价。结果显示：镉、铜、汞、锌、铅均未检出;对铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等有检出项目进行单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价,水样中铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数全年监测平均浓度分别为0．294μg／L、0．024μg／L、0．084μg／L、0．187mg／L、0．695mg／L,用国家水质环境标准的一级标准,所有监测点位（PN〈1）未超标。从单因子污染指数来看,高锰酸盐指数在4月、7月、10月P,〉1,属于轻度污染,初步推断人为活动所致。通过本文的研究发现九寨沟水质依然较好,未受到污染。     

巢湖污染现状及其治理措施

巢湖为我国“三河三湖”重点水污染防治流域之一。近年来,随着人口的增长、经济高速发展、人为社会经济活动的影响使水资源系统受到很大冲击,水质变劣,湖体营养过程加剧,生态环境受到明显损害,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。巢湖湖区水中高锰酸钾、总氮、总磷含量分别为4．9mg/L、2．48mg／L、0．227mg／L,水质类别为劣V类（重度污染）;表层沉积物中总氮、总磷含量平均值为1065mg／kg、587mg／kg。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用,必须加快水污染综合治理。分析了巢湖污染现状,结合实际情况提出了治理对策。     

嘉陵江C市段源水中有机污染物定性研究

采用XAD-2树脂富集水中有机物，用GC＼MS进行定性分析。对嘉陵江C市段水源水中有机污染物进行分析，共检出有机污染物13种，其中以多环芳烃，邻苯二甲酸酯类为主，并且有3种物质为中国环境优先控制污染物，分别是邻苯二甲酸二辛酯，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、荧蒽。     

Determination of arsenic levels in the water resources of Aksaray Province, Turkey

Arsenic levels were determined in 62 stations utilized as drinking and potable water resources by local community for Turkey's Aksaray Province (4589 km(2); 980 m above sea level). The samplings were implemented every two months for 1 year. The arsenic values were found to be ranging between 10 and 50 μg/L in 22 points and were found to be >50 μg/L in 5 stations, according to the mean value of the 6 samples. WHO and the Turkish Standards have permitted an arsenic concentration of 10 μg/L in drinking waters. The multivariate statistical technique, cluster analysis (CA), followed by principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the data on 17 water quality parameters in 47 stations that are used for drinking and other domestic resources. Two significant sampling locations were detected based on the similarity of their water quality. The chemical correlations were observed in the two sub-sampling locations by Principal Component Analysis.     

WATER QUALITY BENEATH URBAN RUNOFF WATER MANAGEMENT BASINS1

ABSTRACT: The chemical impact of urban runoff water on water quality beneath five retention/recharge basins was investigated as part of the US EPA's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program in Fresno, California. Soil water percolating through alluvium soils and the ground water at the top of the water table were sampled with ceramic/Teflon vacuum water extractors at depths up to 26 m during the two-year investigation. Inorganic and organic pollutants are present in the runoff water delivered to the basins. No significant contamination of percolating soil water or ground water underlying any of the five retention/recharge basins has occurred for constituents monitored in the study. The oldest basins was constructed in 1962. The concentration of selected trace elements in the ground water samples was similar to the levels reported in the regional ground water. None of the pesticides or other organic priority pollutants, for which water samples were analyzed, was s̊ detected except diazinon which was found in trace amounts (0.3 μg/L or less) in only three soil water samples. These results are important to the continued conservation of storm water and the development of a best management practice for storm-water management using retention/recharge basins in a semi-arid climate.     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛

建立了顶空气相色谱法同时测定水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的方法。目标化合物连续测定9次的相对标准偏差分别为0.01,1.89,3.54;检出限分别为0.03μg/L,5.68μg/L,10.3μg/L,实际水样加标回收率在98%~101%。方法简便,快速,灵敏度高,基体干扰小。适用于地表水、地下水和工业废水中甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛的同时、快速测定。     

INPUTS OF COPPER‐BASED CROP PROTECTANTS TO COASTAL CREEKS FROM PASTICULTURE RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: Inputs of copper‐based crop protectants from tomato fields grown under plastic mulch agriculture (plasticulture) to an estuarine creek were investigated. Copper was measured in runoff from diverse land‐uses including conventional agriculture, plasticulture, residences, and natural areas. Water column and sediment copper concentrations were measured in plasticulture and control (nonagriculture) watersheds. Copper concentrations in plasticulture‐impacted creeks exceeded background levels episodically. High concentrations occurred during or immediately after runoff‐producing rains. Concentrations of 263 μg/L total copper and 126 μg/L dissolved copper were measured in a tidal creek affected by plasticulture; concentrations exceeded the shellfish LC₅₀ values and the water quality criteria of 2.9 μg/L dissolved copper. Control watersheds indicated background water column levels of ≤ 4 μg/L dissolved copper with similar copper levels during periods with and without rain. The copper concentrations in tomato plasticulture field runoff itself contained up to 238 μg/L dissolved copper. Copper concentrations in runoff from other land‐uses were less than 5 μg/L dissolved copper. Creek sediment samples adjacent to a plasticulture field contained significantly higher copper concentrations than sediments taken from nonplasticulture watersheds.     

溴化衍生-气相色谱法测定地表水中丙烯酰胺

采用溴化衍生-气相色谱技术,建立了地表水中丙烯酰胺的分析方法。分别使用工作曲线和标准曲线对丙烯酰胺进行定量分析。实验结果表明:利用溴化衍生生成,β-二溴丙酰胺的工作曲线线性范围更宽,灵敏度更高。用乙酸乙酯萃取衍生物,萃取浓缩后进行气相色谱分析,方法检出限为0.03μg/L,工作曲线在0.20~10μg/L范围内具有良好的线性相关性。地表水样品的加标回收率为87.6%~97.8%,其相对标准偏差为2.03%~5.31%。     

Characterization of pollutants in Florida street sweepings for management and reuse

Disposal and beneficial-use options for street sweeping residuals collected as part of routine roadway maintenance activities in Florida, USA, were assessed by characterizing approximately 200 samples collected from 20 municipalities. Total concentrations (mg/kg or μg/kg) and leachable concentrations (mg/L or μg/L) of 11 metals and a number of organic pollutant groups (volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, pesticides, herbicides, carbamates) in the samples were measured. The synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) was performed to evaluate the leachability of the pollutants. From the total metal analysis, several metals (e.g., arsenic, barium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) were commonly found above their detection limits. Zinc was found to have the highest mean concentration of all metals measured (46.7 mg/kg), followed by copper (10.7 mg/kg) and barium (10.5 mg/kg). The metal with the smallest mean concentration was arsenic (0.48 mg/kg). A small fraction of the total arsenic, barium, lead, and zinc leached in some samples using the SPLP; leached concentrations were relatively low. A few organic compounds (e.g., 4,4′-DDT, endrin, and endosulfan II) were detected in a limited number of samples. When the total and leaching results were compared to risk-based Florida soil cleanup target levels and groundwater cleanup target levels, the street sweepings were not found to pose a significant human-health risk via direct exposure or groundwater contamination.     

MERCURY IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF STEAMBOAT CREEK,NEVADA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STREAM RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to characterize the sources, concentrations, and distribution of total and methylmer‐cury in water, and channel and bank sediments of Steamboat Creek, Nevada. This information was needed to begin to assess the potential impacts of stream restoration on mercury pollution in this tributary to the Truckee River. The Truckee River flows into Pyramid Lake, a terminal water body home to one endangered and one threatened fish species, where stable pollutants will accumulate over time. Mercury in Steamboat Creek was originally derived from its headwaters, Washoe Lake, where several gold and silver mills that utilized mercury were located. In the 100 plus years since ore processing occurred, mercury‐laden alluvium has been deposited in the stream channel and on streambanks where it is available for remobilization. Total mercury concentrations measured in unfiltered water from the creek ranged from 82 to 419 ng/L, with greater than 90 percent of this mercury being particle‐bound (> 0.45 (m). Mercury in sediments ranged from 0.26 to 10.2 μg/g. Methylmercury concentrations in sediments of Steamboat Creek were highest in wetlands, lower in the stream channel, and still lower in streambank settings. Methylmercury concentrations in water were 0.63 to 1.4 ng/L. A streambank restoration plan, which includes alterations to channel geometry and wetland creation or expansion, has been initiated for the creek. Data developed indicate that streambank stabilization could reduce the mercury loading to the Creek and that wetland construction could exacerbate methylmercury production.