离子束辐照活性炭吸附性能研究

利用离子束注入机对活性炭进行N+辐照改性,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)对活性炭表面形貌、结构等特性进行表征,研究了改性后活性炭对亚甲基蓝(MB)吸附性能的变化。实验表明:活性炭经离子束辐照后,比表面积和石墨化程度均降低,对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力降低,且辐照剂量增大,吸附能力减小。在活性炭浓度为0.667 g/L,吸附时间为360 min,振荡器频率为250 r/min,吸附温度为308 K时,活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附量为249.081 mg/g,改性活性炭(剂量为40 000 dose)在同等条件下吸附量为241.726 mg/g。改性活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型。     

金属负载活性炭吸附去除单宁酸的试验研究

金属负载是活性炭表面改性的重要分支,在净水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.选择溶胶凝胶法制备了4种金属(Al3+,Zn2+,Ti4+,Fe3+)负载活性炭,并运用正交试验和配对比较试验考察了金属类型、碱化度(氢氧化钠与金属的摩尔配比)和中温焙烧(400℃,2 h)3个因素对活性炭吸附去除单宁酸性能的影响.结果表明:碱化度对活性炭吸附单宁酸性能的影响极为显著(P＜ 0.001),而金属类型却不显著,碱化度和金属类型间存在显著交互作用(P＜0.05);活性炭对单宁酸的吸附去除性能在碱化度为零时达到最高;中温焙烧可使单宁酸吸附去除率显著升高5.31％(P＜ 0.01);各因素对试验结果的影响顺序为:碱化度＞中温焙烧＞金属类型.在活性炭分子筛作用和金属活性点位专性吸附的协同作用下,活性炭对水中单宁酸的吸附去除性能显著提高17.28％ ～ 24.06％.     

载锰活性炭吸附去除水中亚甲基蓝的研究

以啤酒酵母为原料制备了负载过渡金属锰(Ⅳ)的活性炭(Mn/AC),对其吸附去除水中亚甲基蓝的性能和机制进行了研究。结果表明,Mn/AC对亚甲基蓝的吸附在6 h内达到平衡,吸附去除量基本不受溶液pH值的影响,亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量可达269.97mg/g;吸附动力学过程和等温吸附过程分别符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。Mn/AC吸附去除水中亚甲基蓝主要是通过特异性吸附、单分子层吸附作用,Mn/AC表面Mn-O、羰基、醚键、羟基、羧基等基团参与了吸附亚甲基蓝的过程。     

改性活性炭对水溶液中苯酚的吸附研究

研究了活性炭在酸（HNO3,H2SO4,HCI）和碱（NaOH,氨水）处理后对苯酚吸附性能的影响,测定了活性炭的亚甲基蓝值、碘值扣表面官能团等基本物理化学参数。研究发现：碱改性使活性炭上酸性官能团数量减少。碱性官能团增加,增强了活性炭对苯酚类疏水性物质的吸附客量。NaOH、氨水改性活性炭对苯酚的吸附值比未改性活性炭分别提高了56,70％和47．40％。     

改性活性炭去除室内甲醛的试验研究

该实验对活性炭进行改性用于室内低浓度甲醛的去除。探讨了铵盐、碱盐用量及联合改性对活性炭去除甲醛的影响。利用0.02%的氢氧化钠对活性炭改性后再利用3%的氨水对活性炭二次改性,最终甲醛去除效率可达94.38%。对改性后的活性炭进行亚甲基蓝的吸附值、Boehm滴定分析法及SEM表征分析。结果表明:0.02%氢氧化钠改性活性炭时,能有效增大了活性炭的比表面积;利用3%的氨水改性活性炭时,能改变活性炭的表面官能团的含量,使表面化学活性增加,但减少活性炭的微孔比例。两者混合改性时能得到良好的加权效果,增强活性炭对甲醛的吸附效率。     

表面化学改性气相吸附用活性炭的研究进展

本文总结了活性炭气相吸附机制,并从表面氧化改性、表面还原改性及表面负载金属改性方面叙述了国内外在气相吸附用活性炭改性方面的研究进展。其中,氧化改性主要是利用强氧化剂在适当条件下对活性炭表面官能团进行氧化处理,增加表面含氧酸性基团含量,使其表面极性增加;表面还原该性是利用还原剂在适当条件下对活性炭表面官能团进行还原改性,提高含氧碱性基团含量,增强了表面非极性。对活性炭改性机理的深入细致研究将会是未来活性炭研究领域的主要方向。     

磁性纳米活性炭的制备及其吸附性能研究

用滚压振动磨机对活性炭细化后,采用共沉淀法制得磁性纳米活性炭。对磁性纳米活性炭进行表征,研究吸附时间、吸附质初始浓度和p H值对其吸附亚甲基蓝和苯酚的影响,拟合吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型,并对其再生进行了初步研究。结果表明:吸附时间对苯酚吸附率影响较大;对亚甲基蓝的吸附率影响较大的初始浓度100mg/L,对苯酚的吸附率影响较大的初始浓度10mg/L;对亚甲基蓝的吸附率随p H值升高而增大,pH值在6. 0时对苯酚的吸附率达到峰值(76. 1%);对亚甲基蓝和苯酚的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;亚甲基蓝在磁性纳米活性炭上的吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散过程的控制,苯酚在磁性纳米活性炭上的吸附速率主要受表面吸附和液膜扩散的控制;磁性纳米活性炭的磁学性能较好,可通过磁分离方法与其他再生方式配合的方法进行再生。磁性纳米活性炭是一种经济、高效的新型活性炭,在废水处理方面具有较大的应用前景。     

改性贻贝壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除研究

对改性贻贝壳吸附去除亚甲基蓝的效果进行了研究,考察了改性温度、吸附剂投加量、溶液盐度、吸附剂粒径、吸附温度等条件对亚甲基蓝吸附去除效果的影响。在200~1 060℃条件下对贻贝壳进行了温度改性优化,结果表明,最佳改性温度为550℃。当改性贻贝壳投加量为0.6 g/L时,对亚甲基蓝的去除率达到87%;亚甲基蓝的吸附去除效果随着贻贝壳粒径变小吸附能力略有上升,当粒径小于60目时,吸附能力趋于稳定,对亚甲基蓝的去除率在90%左右;盐度对吸附效果影响较大,亚甲基蓝去除效果受离子强度效应影响随盐度的增加先减小后增大最后到达稳定;而吸附温度对改性贻贝壳的吸附能力的影响较小。     

亚临界水解预处理稻草秸秆制备活性炭及表征

通过以稻草秸秆的亚临界预处理中产生的残渣作为实验材料,以氯化锌作为活化剂制备具有吸附性能的活性炭,研究了活化温度,活化时间,浸渍时间以及浸渍比等4个因素对生成活性炭的性能影响,设计正交实验制备活性炭.以低温液氮吸附测定活性炭的比表面积和孔容、孔径分布,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测活性炭表面形貌,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)作为吸附质,研究了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,活化温度900℃,活化时间60 min,浸渍比1∶5,浸渍时间12 h,当氯化锌质量分数为20%时,制得相应活性炭的碘值为1 122.79 mg.g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为136.50 mg.g-1.亚甲基蓝在活性炭上的吸附基本符合Langmuir方程,且准二级动力学模型能很好地描述活性炭对亚甲蓝的吸附过程;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)<0,而焓变(ΔH0)>0,说明吸附为吸热的自发反应过程,升温有利于吸附.     

Fenton改性多壁碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

通过催化裂解法制备多壁碳纳米管,利用Fenton试剂对多壁碳纳米管改性,研究了Fenton改性对多壁碳纳米管表面物理化学特性的影响和对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性.投射电镜(TEM)、比表面积(BET)分析表明,Fenton改性多壁碳纳米管纯度高,孔隙均匀,外径为30nm左右,比表面积为120m2/g;且表面引入了大量含氧基团,等电点为1.8.未改性和Fenton改性多壁碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学均符合Langergren模型,其平衡吸附量分别为24.5,36.4mg/g;吸附等温线均符合Freundlich模型,未改性和Fenton改性多壁碳纳米管的kF分别为7.92和25.37;温度和pH值升高均有利于Fenton改性多壁碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.