丛枝菌根真菌-植物联合修复石油污染土壤研究进展

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)是由丛枝菌根真菌与植物根系所建立的一种互惠共生体,在自然界分布广泛,具有降解复杂有机污染物的能力.石油污染土壤中,利用土著的或外接的丛枝菌根真菌可以明显改善植物根际环境,提高土壤生物活性,从而加速土壤中石油污染物的降解.现有研究已证明丛枝菌根真菌修复石油污染土...     

木质素降解酶研究进展与外生菌根真菌

综述了木质素降解酶系统的组成、分子生物学研究和主要影响因子的研究进展,以及国内外在外生菌根真菌产木质素降解酶方面的研究,阐述了其在有机污染土壤修复中的优势。木质素降解酶系统能够降解多环芳烃、氯代芳烃、硝基有机物和染料等多种环境污染物。许多外生菌根真菌都具有木质素降解酶系统。     

白腐真菌降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是一类在环境中残留期长且能够长距离迁移的高生物毒性化合物,对生态环境和人体健康造成重大危害。微生物降解因其绿色环保、价格低廉、获取容易等优点,成为降解有机污染物的有效途径。其中,白腐真菌作为一类能够高效降解多种难降解有机污染物的微生物,引起学术界广泛关注。本文综述了近年来国内外白腐真菌对典型POPs（多环芳烃、多氯联苯和二恶英）的生物降解过程/机制及土壤生物修复应用的研究进展,并指出了面临的问题和未来的研究方向,为应用白腐真菌修复实际污染环境提供理论指导。     

土壤微生物群落对多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复过程的响应

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究了土壤微生物群落多样性对生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的响应.结果表明,细菌群落的Shannon-Weaver指数修复前为3.17,修复后为3.24～3.45,多样性整体呈上升趋势,其中以植物-菌根真菌-降解菌处理最高,但各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).聚类分析结果显示,植物、植物-鼠李糖脂、植物-菌根真菌和植物-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂这4个处理的群落相似度在90%以上,植物-降解菌处理与这4个处理群落结构最近,此外,植物-降解菌-鼠李糖脂、植物-降解菌-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂群落相似度在80%以上.通过测序比对,DGGE图谱上优势及特征性条带分别为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Acidobacteria、Sphingmonas、Rhodopseudomonas、Firmicutes和Methylocytaceae等,可能是与PAHs降解密切相关的种属.生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复污染土壤过程中,在提高PAHs生物有效性基础上,改变了土壤微生物群落结构和丰度,从而可以有效提高PAHs的降解率.     

稳定同位素探针技术结合宏基因组学在探究环境污染物微生物转化/降解过程中的应用进展

稳定同位素探针技术(SIP)结合宏基因组学在环境污染物微生物转化/降解研究中的应用已逐渐成为趋势.该组合技术不依赖纯培养方法,能够从复杂自然环境中鉴定出具有特定代谢功能的微生物类群,揭示污染物的微生物代谢途径,在研究污染物的原位微生物转化/降解过程方面具有显著优势.本文综述了该组合技术在探究不同环境介质中烃类化合物及其衍生物、有机农药、重金属和新型污染物微生物转化/降解过程中的应用进展,包括功能微生物的识别和污染物微生物转化/降解机制的解析等.最后,基于该组合技术的应用现状进行了展望,提出未来该组合技术与多种原位表征技术的联用将为微生物驱动污染物的转化/降解机制研究提供更准确全面的信息.     

VA菌根对土壤中DEHP降解的影响

以豇豆为供试植物，分别接种泡囊丛枝菌根（VAM）真菌Acaulospora lavis（光壁无梗球囊霉，菌号：34）和Glomus caledonium（苏格兰球囊霉，菌号：90036），研究VA菌根对菌根际（A）、菌丝际（B）和常规土（C）土层中不同浓度DEHP（4、20、100mg/kg）降解的影响。试验持续60d。结果表明：接种VAM真菌促进了DEHP在A、B、C土层中的降解，尤其在B层的降解，说明菌丝在DEHP降解和转移过程中起了重要作用。其中34号菌接种效果较为显著，A、B土层中的DEHP残留浓度分别比不接种最大下降25．1％和10．1％。受VAM直接影响的A、B土层中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量呈下降趋势，而在C层中呈增加趋势，A、B、C土层中土壤中性磷酸酶活性也呈现出同样变化趋势。微生物数量和中性磷酸酶活性的下降可能会影响VA菌根在DEHP降解中的作用。     

油污土壤微生物治理的影响因素

微生物法治理油污土壤具有成本，低效果好的特点，其原理是利用微生物降解土壤中的油等污染物，微生物，污染物及环境等方面的因素的影响降解效率，通过对各种影响因素的分析，提出了提高降解效率的措施。     

生物降解阿特拉津的研究进展

综述了近年来国外微生物降解转化阿特拉津的新研究进展，研究表明，选择适当的微生物，创造和保持必要的环境条件，能够降解与转化阿特拉津。     

一种分离纯化降解性质粒DNA的简便方法

控制微生物对某些环境污染物降解的质粒——降解性质粒,分子量较大,难于和染色体DNA分离。超螺旋质粒DNA在热变性后冷却即快速复性方面与染色体DNA不同。根据此性质,作者改进了McMaster的和Kado的方法,获得了良好效果。实验证明。经此法纯化的质粒具有转化活性,是研究化学污染物的降解性质粒的简便方法。     

二恶英的微生物降解

二恶英是多氯代二苯二恶英(PCDDs)和多氯代二苯呋喃(PCDFs)的总称，为持久性有机污染物，其毒性强，降解难。二恶英的微生物降解主要有细菌好气降解，厌气细菌的还原脱氯，白腐真菌降解等。其中，白腐真菌对二恶英降解能力较强，它具有菌体外的非特异性的降解体系，能降解超微量的二恶英，对所催化底物无特异要求，有催化各种化合物氧化的功能，它以木材一类低氮源的有机物为营养源而生长，对不能利用木材等的土壤微生物具有竞争优势，且二次污染较少。     

岩溶区典型灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根真菌群落结构解析

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性T-RFLP法(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism),检测岩溶区典型13种灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)群落结构变化特征,探讨岩溶区AM与宿主植物是否存在选择特性.结果表明,不同灌丛植物根际土壤养分存在显著差异,豆科植物显著高于非豆科植物.聚类分析表明,13种灌丛植物均能被AM侵染,不同灌丛植物根系AM群落结构存在显著差异,尤其豆科与非豆科植物,但AM群落结构在9种非豆科植物间差异显著而在4种豆科植物间则差异不显著.冗余分析表明,影响豆科与非豆科植物根系AM群落结构的因子各异,土壤Olsen-P、p H和全氮是影响岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM群落组成结构的主要因子.研究还表明,岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM与宿主植物具有选择特性,这种选择特性出现在植物功能群的几率比植物种类大,将AM应用于岩溶区植物恢复时,应考虑AM与宿主植物的选择特性问题.     

外加不同铁源和丛枝菌根对砷污染土壤上玉米生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加不同铁源及接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuecular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对高砷污染土壤上玉米生长及其吸收磷、砷、铁、锰、铜和锌的影响.试验结果表明,与对照相比,添加硫酸亚铁并接种AMF显著地提高了土壤有效铁、锰含量,降低了土壤中水溶性砷、磷含量以及玉米地上部砷的含量,并极大地增加了植株对磷的吸收,提高了植株体内磷砷吸收量之比,从而明显地改善了植株的菌根建成和生长状况.在不接种情况下,硫酸亚铁和石灰混合处理显著地降低了土壤水溶性砷、磷含量及根系砷含量,并明显增加了磷的吸收以及磷、砷吸收量的比值,使玉米植株生物量和根长增加的幅度较其它铁源处理时更大.尽管添加铁尾矿砂增加了土壤水溶性磷的含量以及植株磷的吸收而在一定程度上改善了玉米的生长,但这种效果以不接种时更为明显,因而有必要根据土壤的污染程度调整铁尾矿砂的添加量和接种抗性菌株,以强化植物的抗砷能力.     

Phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils

Soil pollution has been attracting considerable public attentions over the last decades.Sorts of traditional physiochemical methods have been used to remove th organic pollutants from soils.However,the enormous costs and low efficiencies associated with these remediation technologies limit their availabilities.Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants to cleanup pollutants in soils.As overwhelmingly positive results have been shown,phytoremediation is a most economical and effective remediation technique for organic contaminated soils.In this paper phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils are viewed.The mechanisms of phytoremediation mainly include the direct plant uptake of organic pollutants,degradation by plant-derived degradative enzymes,and stimulated biodegradation in plat rhizosphere.Phytoremediation efficiency is close related to physicochemical properties of organic pollutants, environmental characteristics,and plant types.It is no doubt that soil amendments such as surfactants improve the solubilities and availabilities of organic pollutants in soils.However,little information is available about effects of soil amendments on phytoremediation efficiencies.Phytoremediation models have been developed to imulate and predict the environmental behavior of organic pollutants,and progress of models is illustrated.In many ways phytoremediation is still in its initial stage,and recommendations for the future for the future research on phytoremediation are presented.     

Phytoremediation and its models for organic contaminated soils

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Evolution of mycorrhiza systems

 Most terrestrial plants live in mutualistic symbiosis with root-infecting mycorrhizal fungi. Fossil records and molecular clock dating suggest that all extant land plants have arisen from an ancestral arbuscular mycorrhizal condition. Arbuscular mycorrhizas evolved concurrently with the first colonisation of land by plants some 450–500 million years ago and persist in most extant plant taxa. Ectomycorrhizas (about 200 million years ago) and ericoid mycorrhizas (about 100 million years ago) evolved subsequently as the organic matter content of some ancient soils increased and sclerophyllous vegetation arose as a response to nutrient-poor soils respectively. Mycorrhizal associations appear to be the result of relatively diffuse coevolutionary processes. While early events in the evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses may have involved reciprocal genetic changes in ancestral plants and free-living fungi, available evidence points largely to ongoing parallel evolution of the partners in response to environmental change.     

Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the degradation of DEHP in soil

The effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi( Acaulospora lavis) on the degradation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) in soil was studies. Cowpea plants( Pigna sinensis) were used as host plants and grown in a specially designed rhizobox. The experimental results indicated that, both in sterile and non-sterile soil,mycorrhizal colonization rates were much higher in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non-mycorrhizal plants. Addition of 4 mg/kg DEHP slightly affected mycorrhizal colonization, but the addition of 100 mg/kg DEHP significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. DEHP degradation in the mycorrhizosphere (Ms) and hyphosphere (Hs),especially in the Hs, increased after inoculation with Acaulospora lavis. It is concluded that mycorrhizal hyphae play an important role in the plant uptake, degradation and translocation of DEHP. The mechanism might be attributed to increased numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes and activity of dehydrogenase, urease and acid phosphatase in the Ms and Hs by mycorrhizal fungi.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinussylvestris)Cu、Zn积累和分配的影响

通过测定２种不同施锌和施铜水平下苗木和离体菌丝中铜锌含量研究了接种外生菌根（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｂｏｖｉｎｕｓ）对欧洲赤松（Ｐｉ－ｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ）苗生长和微量元素积累和分配的影响． 结果表明菌丝的侵染增加了苗木生长同时也增加了植物体内重金属的含量．然而菌根植物中的重金属大部分分布在根部在铜处理中菌根植物地下部分的铜含量是无菌根植物的２．６倍在锌处理中锌是无菌根植物的１．３ 倍． 说明菌丝侵染使植物将过量的重金属滞留在根部从而增加了植物对过量重金属的抗性．通过进一步测定培养在过量重金属中的离体菌丝的重金属含量结果显示随着外界重金属浓度的增加菌丝分泌物内重金属含量比菌丝内重金属含量增加快说明滞留在根部的重金属可能并没有进入根系而是以某种形态滞留在菌丝分泌物和菌丝内．     

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Zn和Cd吸收的研究

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ吸收的研究陶红群李晓林张俊伶（中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京１０００９４）关键词丛枝菌根；锌；镉．近年来，由于工业排放及一些农业措施（如污灌等）造成许多土壤中重金属元素的污染．其中锌和镉是两个较为重要的重金属污染...     

Effect of arsenic contaminated irrigation water on Lens culinaris L. and toxicity assessment using lux marked biosensor

Contamination of irrigation water represents a major constraint to Bangladesh agriculture, resulting in elevated levels in the terrestrial systems. Lux bacterial biosensor technology has previously been used to measure the toxicity of metals in various environmental matrices. While arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have their most significant effect on phosphorus uptake, but showed alleviated metal toxicity to the host plant. The study examined the effects of arsenic and inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, on lentil (Lens culinaris L. cv. Titore). Plants were grown with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum for 9 weeks in a sand and terra-green mixture (50:50, V/V) and watered with five levels of arsenic (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 mg As/L arsenate). The results showed that arsenic addition above 1 mg/L significantly reduced percentage of mycorrhizal root infection. On further analysis a close relationship was established with the vegetative and reproductive properties of lentil (L. culinaris) plants compared to the percentage bioluminescence of the soil leachate. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation reduced arsenic concentration in roots and shoots. Higher concentrations of arsenic (5, 10 mg As/L arsenate) reduced the mycorrhizal efficiency to increase phosphorus content and nitrogen fixation. Therefore, this study showed that increased concentration of arsenic in irrigation water had direct implications to the lentil (L. culinaris) plants overall performance. Moreover the use of bioassay demonstrated that mycorrhiza and clay particle reduced arsenic bioavailability in soil.