Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

Metals, non-metals and PCB in electrical and electronic waste--actual levels in Switzerland

The chemical composition of waste of small electrical and electronic equipment (s-WEEE), a rapidly growing waste stream, was determined for selected metals (Cu, Sb, Hg etc.) and non-metals (Cl, Br, P) and PCBs. During a 3-day experiment, all output products and the s-WEEE input mass flows in a WEEE recycling plant were measured. Only output products were sampled and analyzed. Material balances were established, applying substance flow analysis (SFA). Transfer coefficients for the selected substances were also determined. The results demonstrate the capability of SFA to determine the composition of the highly heterogeneous WEEE for most substances with rather low uncertainty (2 sigma +/- 30%). The results confirm the growing importance of s-WEEE regarding secondary resource metals and potential toxic substances. Nowadays, the thirty times smaller s-WEEE turns over larger flows for many substances, compared to municipal solid waste. Transfer coefficient results serve to evaluate the separation efficiency of the recycling process and confirm--with the exception of PCB and Hg--the limitation of hand-sorting and mechanical processing to separate pollutants (Cd, Pb, etc.) out of reusable fractions. Regularly applied SFA would serve to assess the efficacy of legislative, organizational and technical measures on the WEEE.     

Material reuse and recycling in construction works in Japan

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The status of material reuse and recycling in Japan is reviewed with an emphasis on the efforts by the national government. First, the national...     

株洲市“两型”社会建设资源循环利用机制研究

资源循环利用是建设"两型"社会和发展循环经济的任务和目标。总结并分析了株洲市资源循环利用的主要成就及现存问题,并在此基础上探索了有利于资源循环利用的产业引导机制、生态补偿机制、奖惩机制和科技创新机制。     

微生物絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

近年来对微生物絮凝剂的研究不断深入，新的高效菌种不断被发现。简要介绍了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理、分关、絮凝效果及影响因素，重点介绍了新型微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的应用。     

Long Term Trends in Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition in Europe and the Cause of Non-linearities

Emissions of sulphur and oxidized nitrogen compounds in Europe have been reduced following a series of control measures during the last two decades. These changes have taken place during a period in which the primary gases and the wet deposition throughout Europe were extensively monitored. Since the end of the 1970s, for example land based sulphur emissions declined by between 90 and 70% depending on the region. Over the same period the total deposition of sulphur and its partitioning into wet and dry deposition have declined, but the spatial pattern in the reduction in deposition differs from that of emission and has changed with time. Such non-linearities in the emission-deposition relationship are important to understand as they complicate the process of assessing the effects of emission reduction strategies. Observed non-linearities in terrestrial sulphur emission-deposition patterns have been identified in north west Europe due to increases in marine emissions, and are currently slowing the recovery of freshwater ecosystems. Changes in the relative amounts of SO₂ and NH₃ in air over the last two decades have also changed the affinity of terrestrial surfaces for SO₂ and have therefore changed the deposition velocity of SO₂ over substantial areas. The consequence of this effect has been the very rapid reduction in ambient SO₂ concentration in some of the major source areas of Europe, where NH₃ did not change much. Interactions between the different pollutants, generating non-linearities are now being incorporated in long-range transport models to simulate the effects of historical emission trends and to provide projections into the future. This paper identifies non-linearities in emission deposition relationships for sulphur and nitrogen compounds in Europe using data from the EMEP long-rang transport model and measured concentration fields of the major ions in precipitation and of SO₂ and NO₂ in surface air.     

Infectious waste management in Japan: assessment of current trends in waste measurement and reporting in general and psychiatric hospitals

Infectious waste (IW) may include waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids, cultures of infectious agents from laboratory work, or waste from patients with infections. Accurate and standardized measurement is an important aspect of waste management. In Japan, data on infectious waste generated by hospitals are limited. Therefore, we aimed to identify the current status of infectious waste management and disposal in hospitals. To this end, data on the amount of IW generated and IW disposal costs from 54 public hospitals—25 general hospitals and 29 psychiatric hospitals—between April 2015 and March 2016 were analyzed. The results revealed the absence of a standardized unit of IW measurement, with 33 hospitals reporting IW in kilograms and 21 hospitals reporting it in liters. As expected, the amount of IW generated at psychiatric hospitals was significantly lower than that generated at general hospitals. The amount of IW produced correlated positively with the number of in-patients. Disposal costs varied not only by hospital type and prefecture but also across hospitals of the same type within the same prefecture. A system that consolidates IW data management using standardized units is necessary.

     

Isotope applications in environmental investigations: Theory and use in chlorinated solvent and petroleum hydrocarbon studies

Isotope applications are gaining acceptance for use in surface water and groundwater investigations, complementing traditional geochemistry and physical hydrology techniques. Recent developments in analytical methodologies and in the understanding of isotope dynamics now allow the use of isotopes to investigate sources and fate of common groundwater contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. Contaminants with unique isotopic signatures may facilitate the determination of contaminant sources in complex plumes. Degradation of chlorinated solvents and some petroleum hydrocarbons impart unique isotopic signatures on both the original contaminant and the degradation product or products that provide verification of degradation. Use of a Rayleigh‐type model may allow determination of degradation extent. Coupled with models of contaminant fate and transport, degradation extent may be useful for determining degradation rates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Recent trends in recycling activities and waste management in Japan

Japan's basic approach to municipal solid waste (MSW) is (1) waste reduction, (2) promotion of recycling, (3) volume reduction by intermediate treatment, and (4) environmentally sound final disposal. A brief history of legislative trends in waste management is given as background for current waste management and recycling activities. The material recovery rate for MSW collected by local municipalities was only 5.6% in 1996. More than half of MSW, on a volume basis, consists of containers and packages, while great amounts of landfill space are also taken up by bulky wastes such as electric appliances. Therefore, in order to promote recycling and decrease landfill waste, Japan is targeting containers, packages, and electric appliances. A law promoting separate collection and recycling of containers and packages (Packaging Waste Recycling Law) and a law requiring the recycling of specific home electric appliances into new products (Home Electric Appliance Recycling Law) were introduced in June 1995 and June 1998, respectively. These laws are in line with the OECD policy Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Received: September 16, 1998 / Accepted: March 10, 1999     

我国废塑料回收利用技术的发展

从我国废塑料回收利用的现状出发，分析了今后我国废塑料回收利用技术的发展趋势和应采取的措施，指出了废塑料回收利用的重要性。     

Natural and anthropogenic arsenic in soil in the Boston Basin

Naturally occurring and anthropogenic arsenic concentrations in soils, in conjunction with the current knowledge of its potential risk to human health, demonstrate a critical environmental and public health issue. These widespread arsenic concentrations potentially affect large human populations. There are locations worldwide where naturally occurring arsenic is considered to be and documented as a potential human health risk through the use of established risk assessment calculation approaches or as demonstrated by clearly measurable health or agricultural effects. This natural arsenic, exposed due to human activity and coupled with anthropogenic contributions, may be the number‐one soil contact environmental health issue in the world. Considering the relatively high natural arsenic concentrations in some New England locations, and with the advantage of access to a large soil arsenic database, this issue has been addressed as described herein for the Boston Basin and related areas. The article provides a summary of some large natural and anthropogenic arsenic data sets with comparison between them and a derivation of the natural and anthropogenic components in the Boston Basin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

SO2排污权交易在中国的发展与挑战

回顾了大气污染物排放总量控制和排污权交易在中国发展的历程.通过对美国SO2排放总量控制和排污权交易核心要素的分析,揭示了目前中国在排污权交易政策方面的欠缺.指出了排污权交易政策是帮助中国完成"十一五"计划环境目标的有效手段.     

我国电子垃圾回收存在的问题与解决途径

介绍了我国电子垃圾回收利用存在的问题与现状、国外可供借鉴的经验,以及电子垃圾分类情况,最后提出我国电子垃圾再生利用的产业化发展方向。     

Energy and Enviromental Issues in Turkey

The current and future projections of energy utilisation and related environmental impact has been given. Due to the heavy dependance on low grade lignites and imported hard coal, Turkey is going to have problems in the control of CO₂ emissions. Turkey was at first included as an Annex I country according to Kyoto Protocol. Later, it has been removed from the list which is justified considering the previous international environmental impact control applications and relatively much lower energy utilisation in Turkey, compared to Annex I countries. Therefore, Turkey has been removed from the Annex I list.Turkish power generation, industrial and transportation sector will be facing a difficult challenge over the coming 20 yr in complying with environmental impact levels. The developments in the liberalisation of Turkish energy sector since the 1980's is a positive step to overcome the problems.     

Trends in waste plastics and recycling

Zero emission is an ambitious project aimed at the conversion of the conventional top-down or one-directional flow type production systems of modern society to those of a recycling type. The basic idea underlying this project is to understand in detail the material flow mechanism in a particular segment of society and to evaluate the transformability of the hitherto one-directional types of process into recycling types. The authors, members of the Zero-Emission Research Group of Japan, are investigating the material flow of plastics in Japan. The present work describes the features of this project, as well as the results obtained so far. Received: May 28, 1998 / Accepted: October 16, 1998     

高校环境管理和废弃物处理处置

高校是社会的一个特殊群体,承载着人才培养、科学研究、社会服务和文化传承创新等重任.解决好广大师生在日常工作、学习和生活中所产生的各类废弃物的处理处置问题,以及大学校园的环境规划和环境管理问题,是办好现代大学的重要工作.就高校面临的环境问题、高校环境管理的特殊性和高校废弃物处理处置中应该注意的问题等进行探讨.     

反渗透与超滤及其在水处理中的应用

反渗透与超滤是水处理中广泛应用的膜分离技术,给水处理中反渗透应用较多,废水处理中超滤应用较广泛。     

Heavy metals in domestic refuse and their distribution in incinerator residues

The principal heavy metal loads to municipal solid waste incinerators are determined from analyses of bottom ash, fly ash and gaseous effluents. Upper values in g per Mg refuse are: Cl, 8000; F, 200; S, 5000; Zn, 2000; Pb, 1200; Cu, 600; Cr, 250; Ni, 80; Cd, 15; Hg, 5; As, 4. More than half of the Cl, Cd, Hg and As pass into the flue gas and are either captured in the fly ash or emitted in the stack gas.     

电除尘器及其电离荷电机制的研究新进展

详细介绍了电除尘技术研究现状、现存问题及其研究趋势.目前电除尘技术的理论尚不完备,属于经验工程的学科,电除尘器的技术性能优劣取决于设计命中率.为此,论述烟尘荷电凝聚机制并研究电离放电通道中的带电粒子复合问题及其输运特性等,以便解决除尘电场中的电离占空比、输运项甚低等问题;研究了烟尘荷电、凝聚的物理过程,以便进一步提高电除尘器的性能.