全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况调研及分析

通过对全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况的实地调查和函调,发现全国已有40个火电厂安装了51套烟气连续监测系统,另有近30个火电厂已购买或正准备购买.51套中全套引进的有45套,其余6套有国内单位参与配套,共涉及中外厂家22个;安装在烟囱上的有17套,占33.3%;系统能够运行或大部分仪器设备在运行的有23套,占45.1%,但运行结果基本上均未得到环保部门认可,处于无效运行状态;绝大部分烟气连续监测系统处于停运状态,甚至从未投运过.文章分析了烟气连续监测系统运行状况不佳的原因,并提出改进建议.     

燃煤火电厂石灰石—石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统日常运行环保监督考核方法探讨

本文从二氧化硫总量减排环保监督管理的实际出发,结合日常监督工作的实例,分析影响烟气脱硫效率的因素,找出脱硫系统容易出现的故障,提出对脱硫系统日常监督考核的重点,探索建立烟气脱硫系统监督考核方法,为环保部门监督、脱硫专业公司设计与维护以及火电厂脱硫系统自检考核提供借鉴。     

火电厂石灰石-石膏脱硫设施环保验收监测若干问题的探讨

以"十一五"期间较为常见的火电厂石灰石-石膏脱硫设施竣工环保验收监测为例,着重就验收过程监测布点、设施处理效率计算、污染物总量核算、减排项目标准执行以及环境管理检查中存在的问题进行探讨,提出解决问题的方法与思路,为今后火电厂竣工环保验收监测工作提供借鉴。     

火电厂烟气自动化监测系统的比对监测

介绍了火电厂烟气自动化在线监控系统按照《固定污染源烟气连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ/T 76-2001),以及《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157-1996)和《固定污染源排气中二氧化硫的测定定电位电解法》(HJ/T 57-2000)对大气污染物中颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速进行了比对监测,结果表明,颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速的测定结果均符合规定要求.     

容量法测定环境样品中硫酸根时钡镁混合液加入量的探讨

容量法测定环境样品中硫酸根时钡镁混合液加入量的探讨郑奇，刘瑞欣，杨佃华（巴州环境监测站８４１０００）环境样品中硫酸根的测定一般有重量法，比浊法，离子色谱法，容量法等。重量法准确，但操作冗繁，离子色谱法灵敏，快速，但仪器设备昂贵，一般监测站无力购买，比...     

火电厂执行大气污染物排放新标准的达标研究

新标准《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2011)中现役机组排放限值于2014年7月1日正式执行,与旧标准《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13223—2003)相比排放限值大幅趋严,且增加了燃煤电厂汞排放限值。选取具有代表性的电厂锅炉进行手工和在线监测,结果表明,燃煤机组需有高效除尘器和脱硝设施才可稳定达标;燃油机组无法达到标准限值要求,未来应逐步淘汰或改用清洁能源;天然气机组二氧化硫和氮氧化物可以达到该标准要求。建议对燃煤电厂锅炉低负荷下脱硝设施的运行、低浓度下烟尘测定的准确性以及汞排放监测进一步研究。     

沙坝水库扩建对水环境容量的影响研究

在对沙坝水库水质现状评价的基础上,计算了水库扩建前后库内有机物、TN和TP水环境容量的变化情况,并对计算结果进行了分析,从而为有效控制水体污染、科学管理和利用水资源提供理论支撑。     

容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量的质量控制方法

探讨了乙酸铵交换-容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量过程中影响测定结果的关键分析条件。试验结果表明,最佳分析条件是：土壤样品粒径为20目,土壤样品与乙酸铵溶液的固液比为2 g∶50 mL,振荡频率为240 r/min、振荡时间为4 min,铵离子洗脱剂乙醇使用量为150mL（均分3次）,水蒸气蒸馏的馏出液体积为120 mL,用盐酸标准溶液容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量。结果表明,方法检出限为1.0 cmol/kg,测定下限为4.0 cmol/kg,代表性样品(pH值=5.69～8.13)测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%～4.6%（n=6）,土壤标准样品测定结果与标准值相符,说明方法具有良好的适用性,能够满足国家土壤环境质量监测及农用地详查分析工作质量要求。     

EDTA容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差分析

系统分析了ＥＤＴＡ容量法测定硫酸根离子的误差产生环节,并对各个环节提出了相应的误差控制办法。文中着重分析了由移液过程和滴定过程所产生的误差,最后指出,作为测定硫酸根离子的方法标准,ＥＤＴＡ容量法无法保证应有的精度,应由离子色谱法取代之     

天然水体铜络合容量的测定与调查

天然水体中存在的络合配位体与受纳的重金属污染物能产生一定的络合反应,通常可以用络合容量(ComplexCapacity)来表示天然水体的这一特性,它实际上反映水体中络合配位体(有机的或无机的)含量的多少,对研究水体自净能力和重金属在纳污水体中的迁移有实际意义。本文用铜标准溶液滴定待测水样,结合在线富集-FAAS测试技术,求得天然水体的络合容量和条件稳定常数,并对常量干扰因素的影响进行了检验。结果表明,水体pH5.0～9.0范围内,对络合容量测定无显著干扰。Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3以及OH-可与Cu2+形成各种无机络合态铜,样品回收率为98.0%,测定络合容量的相对标准偏差为4.9%,条件稳定常数的相对标准偏差为8.4%。此外,还调查了郊区某水库络合容量的水平和垂向分布特征,并探讨了络合容量与水质指标化学需氧量、叶绿素a的相关关系,水样pH太低,有机络合态铜解离,宜造成结果偏低。     

水样总氮测定空白值偏高的探讨

根据《水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》（GB11894—89）测定地表水中的总氮时,空白试验的吸光值常偏高。经对加热消解时间、试验用水水质、试剂添加顺序、储存时间等因素进行了试验,并对操作步骤影响吸光度空白值作了探讨。     

美国核电厂辐射环境监测与信息公开及其借鉴

综述了美国核电厂辐射环境监测管理体系和环境信息公开制度及法制化管理模式,对比分析了我国辐射环境监测与信息发布实际开展情况及存在问题,提出需借鉴美国核管理委员会(NRC,以下简称NRC)的管理经验,进一步完善我国辐射环境监测标准体系,建立辐射环境监测数据公开制度,加强公众参与制度建设,明确核电厂辐射环境监测管理边界等建议。     

核电站温排水卫星遥感监测应用研究

选取我国 HJ－1 B卫星红外相机为遥感数据源,在介绍了温排水卫星遥感监测的技术流程和基本原理之后,重点论述了海表温度反演的算法和基准温度提取的基本原则。以2013年1月17日大亚湾核电站和2013年5月22日田湾核电站2景 HJ－1 B红外相机数据为应用实例,说明了卫星遥感监测可作为开展核电站温排水影响监测与热污染评价的首选技术方向和主要监测手段,阐述了其在核电站温排水影响后评估中的作用和意义。     

关于火电厂验收存在的问题分析

对火电厂中以煤、天然气、油或焦油、秸秆为原料时验收监测应注意的问题进行了分析和探讨。重点提出了烟气脱硫、Hg、As、氟化物的污染以及多环芳烃、二的产生和以后环评、环评批复及验收监测中应注意的问题。     

大型火电机组二氧化硫排放规律研究

选取35台装机容量30万千瓦以上大型火电机组,进行了为期2年的监测。总结出大型火电机组二氧化硫排放规律,对大型火电机组燃煤含硫量、脱硫设施脱硫效率和二氧化硫排放浓度三者间的关系进行了统计分析,建立了线性回归方程,进而对燃用不同含硫量燃煤的火电机组执行不同排放标准时,配套脱硫设施需要达到的脱硫效率进行了预测。     

贵州东部某燃煤电厂汞排放对周边环境空气及土壤的影响

结合当地气象条件,测定贵州省东部某燃煤电厂下风向环境空气汞浓度分布情况,同时测定该燃煤电厂周边表层土壤中汞含量,并对其污染程度进行评价,探讨了土壤汞与理化性质间的相关性。结果表明,该燃煤电厂下风向环境空气汞浓度远高于北半球大气气态总汞背景值,空气汞浓度在2.7 km范围内随距离的增大而增大,在2.7~5.0 km范围内汞浓度随距离的增大而减小。电厂周边表层土壤汞含量是贵州省A层土壤Hg背景值的8.5倍,存在中度到重度程度的污染,土壤Hg与土壤pH呈正相关性,但与土壤有机质未表现出相关性。     

燃煤电厂煤中汞含量对烟气中汞排放水平的影响

对江苏省9家燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）及烟气中ρ（汞）进行了测试,结果表明,9家燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）为54．5～297 ng／g,平均值为139 ng／g,低于我国煤中ω（汞）的平均值（220 ng／g）。燃煤电厂排放烟气中ρ（汞）为0．08～16．97μg／m^3,远低于《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13223－2011）汞及其化合物标准限值（30μg／m^3）。通过对燃煤电厂入炉煤中ω（汞）与最终排放的烟气中ρ（汞）进行分析,两者之间有一定的相关性。     

The Influence of a Coal-Fired Power Plant in Turkey on the Chemical Composition of Rain Water in a Certain Region

In this study, the chemical composition of the rainwater in Yatağan, which is a region surrounding a coal power plant was investigated from February to April 2002. Rainwater samples were obtained from Yatağan, located northwest of Muğla City in Turkey. pH values and concentrations of major ions (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, , , ) in the rainwater samples were analyzed. The pH varied from 5.1 to 7.9 with an average of 6.7 which was in alkaline range considering 5.6 as the neutral pH of cloud water in equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂. In the total of 30 rain events, only three events were observed with water in the acidic range (<5.6), which occurred after continuous rains. The equivalent concentration of components followed the order: Ca²⁺ > > Na⁺ > > > K⁺ > H⁺. The anion and cation concentrations in the rainwater samples showed a high sulphate concentration (131 μEq/l), as well as high sodium (40 μEq/l) and calcium (298 μEq/l) concentrations. These values indicate that one probable source of the high sodium concentration is fly ash, after the coal burning process and the power plant can be effective on level concentrations in rainwater. In addition, the dust-rich local and surrounding limestone environment might have caused the high concentration of Ca²⁺ in rainwater of the Yatağan Basin. Due to a large contribution of these cations to the sulphate neutralization action, the rainwater of this region displays only a moderate acidity, which does not cause significant environmental impact.     

Impact of emission from oil shale fueled power plants on the growth and foliar elemental concentrations of Scots pine in Estonia

To study the impact of air pollution on the growth and elemental composition of conifers, 5 sample plots wereestablished at different distances and directions from theEstonian Power Plant (Northeast Estonia) in 1999–2000. Theselected stands were 75–80(85)-yr-old parts (0.05 ha) of(Oxalis)-Myrtillus site type forest of 0.7–0.8density. The soils of all sample plots were Gleyic Podzols(Lkg) on sands. The several times higher Ca concentration inthe humus horizon of the sample plot NE from the Estonian PPis caused by the prevailing westerly and southerly winds whichcarry more pollutants NE from the power plant than to SSW. Toascertain the effect of power plants on the growth of Scotspine (Pinus sylvestris L.), the length growth of theneedles and shoots formed in 1997–2000, dry weight of 100needles, and density of needles on the shoots were measured.As compared to the control, the strongest inhibition of growthwas revealed in the sample plots situated 22 km north-east and17 km south-west from the Estonian Power Plant. As compared tocontrol, the needles of trees growing on sample plots closerto the power plant showed higher contents of Ca, S and Zn. Thecontent of Mg in needles increased with distance from thepollution source. Current year needles had higher contents ofCu and Zn than older needles. Today the amounts of fly ashemitted from Narva power plants are fallen. Long-term fly ashemission has caused changes in the measurements ofmorphological parameters and chemical composition of needles.     

Impact of Coal Power Plant Emission on the Foliar Elemental Concentrations in Plants in a Low Rainfall Tropical Region

A field study was conducted around two thermal power plants of India to quantify the changes in foliar elemental concentrations due to emission in a low rainfall tropical area. Sulphur dioxide and particulates were at high levels which may cause serious ecological effects. Emission from the power plants has altered the elemental concentrations in the leaves of evergreen and deciduous plants. The foliar total-S and SO₄ ^2–-S levels were significantly higher in all the plants growing at polluted sites. However, the organic-S content was more or less unaltered. In evergreen plants, the SO₄ ^2–-S content increased gradually from summer through winter, whereas in the deciduous plants there was a higher magnitude of increase after onset of new leaves during summer. With the increasing pollution load, foliar Ca²⁺ and K⁺ contents increased, whereas N content decreased. The reduction in N content was greater during summer in evergreen plants and during winter in deciduous plants. The plants growing closer to the power plants accumulated more trace elements (Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb and Ni) as compared to those growing at distant sites. In deciduous plants the leaf fall during winter lowered down the trace element