2015~2019年南京北郊碳质气溶胶组成变化

碳质气溶胶是大气细颗粒物的重要组成,对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化有着重要影响.为了探究碳质气溶胶在减排背景下的长期变化,本研究测定了南京北郊5 a（2014年12月17日至2020年1月5日） PM_2.5样品的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）浓度.结果表明,ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）5a平均值分别为（10.2±5.3）μg·m^-3和（1.6±1.1）μg·m^-3,其中OC占PM_2.5的31.1%,EC占PM_2.5的5.2%.OC和EC均呈现出冬高夏低的季节特征.通过非参数的Mann-Kendall检验和Sen’s斜率发现,OC和PM_2.5的浓度整体呈显著下降趋势[OC:P<0.000 1,-0.79μg·（m³·a）^-1,-0.29%·a^-1; PM_2.5:P<0.000 1,-4.59μg·（m³·a）^-1,-1.5...     

重庆典型城区冬季碳质气溶胶的污染特征及来源解析

于2021年1～2月在重庆典型城区万州区(WZ)、渝北区(YB)和双桥区(SQ)同步采集PM_2.5样品,分析冬季碳质气溶胶的污染特征、来源及潜在源区.结果表明,观测期间SQ的ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)均值分别为(72.6±33.3)、(18.2±8.2)和(4.4±1.7)μg·m^-3,高于WZ[(67.2±30.3)、(17.2±7.4)和(5.1±2.4)μg·m^-3]和YB[(63.4±25.7)、(15.4±6.3)和(4.2±1.9)μg·m^-3].与清洁日相比,WZ污染日EC浓度及其对总碳的贡献率均涨幅最大(103.0%和8.1%),但OC/EC值下降最明显(-10.5%),表明WZ污染日碳质气溶胶的一次排放明显增强.观测期间SQ和YB的ρ(SOC)均值分别为(7.7±4.8)μg·m^-3和(6.9±2.8)μg·m^-3,明显高于WZ[(4.5±1.9)μg·m^-3],表明二次转化对SQ...     

清洁取暖对保定市采暖期PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的影响

为了研究清洁取暖措施对保定市PM_2.5中碳质气溶胶浓度和来源的影响,于2014年和2019年冬季采暖期在保定市采集PM_2.5样品,用DRI Model 2001A热光碳分析仪测定样品中OC和EC的浓度.结果表明,2014年采暖期PM_2.5中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)平均值分别为60.92μg·m^-3和18.15μg·m^-3,2019年采暖期PM_2.5中ρ(OC)和ρ(EC)平均值分别为36.63μg·m^-3和6.07μg·m^-3,与2014年相比2019年OC、 EC浓度分别下降了39.87%和66.56%,EC下降幅度大于OC,且2019年气象条件与2014年相比更不利于污染物扩散.通过对OC和EC相关性分析和SOC估算,发现2014年和2019年保定市OC和EC相关性R²分别为0.874和0.811,表明保定市OC和EC具有较为一致的来源.2014年和2019年ρ(SOC)的平均值分别为16...     

昆明市干季碳气溶胶污染特征及来源解析

为研究西南高原城市昆明的碳气溶胶浓度特征及其来源,2018年11月20日—2019年3月23日,在昆明主城区采集PM_2.5样品共117个,测定有机碳(OC,organic carbon)和元素碳(EC,elemental carbon)的质量浓度,对其进行源解析。结果显示：昆明市PM_2.5平均浓度为72.31±26.19μg/m³,碳气溶胶浓度(TC,total carbon)为38.04±18.74μg/m³,约占PM_2.5的53%。碳气溶胶以有机碳排放为主,OC约占TC的75%,EC平均质量为9.15±4.02μg/m³。OC/EC值为3.23,二次有机碳(SOC,secondary organic carbon)约占有机碳的40%左右,存在二次有机污染物。碳组分浓度排序为：OC3>OC4>OPC>EC1>OC2>OC1>EC2>EC3,以汽油车尾气排放、燃煤、扬尘、生物质燃烧源占主导。外源气团影响了昆明市碳质...     

中国碳质气溶胶浓度时空分布的研究进展

通过对我国近年来碳质气溶胶相关研究成果进行整理,系统总结了我国碳质气溶胶时空分布及其气候效应.通过搜集已有离线观测数据,发现背景观测点PM_2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度分别小于5和1μg/m³,城市PM_2.5中OC浓度范围为3.78～30μg/m³(平均值为11.98μg/m³),EC浓度在0.69～10μg/m³范围内变化(平均值为3.93μg/m³),其中高值区主要分布在胡焕庸线(黑河-腾冲线)及其以北区域,如东北区域、汾渭平原区域、京津冀区域、兰州盆地和四川盆地.同时,PM_2.5中OC/EC比值和二次有机碳在总有机碳中占比(SOC/OC)随海拔具有相似的变化趋势.碳质气溶胶的气候效应也强烈依赖于在边界层内所处高度,其在边界层上层可通过辐射效应抑制边界层发展,而在近地面的碳质气溶胶对边界层的发展具有促进作用.     

伊犁河谷核心区夏季碳质气溶胶污染特征及来源解析

为研究伊犁河谷PM_2.5中碳组分特征及来源,于2021年7月19—29日在其核心区伊宁市及周边3个县(伊宁县、察布查尔县和霍城县)设置6个监测点位采集PM_2.5样品.采用热光法测定了样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,深入分析了夏季伊犁河谷核心区PM_2.5中OC和EC的浓度特征,并用最小比值法定量估算了二次有机碳(SOC)的浓度.此外,综合使用8种碳组分丰度及正矩阵因子分解模型定量解析出PM_2.5中碳质气溶胶的来源.结果表明：夏季采样期间该区域PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(21.9±2.0)、(5.0±0.6)、(0.6±0.1)μg·m^-3,且呈现出伊宁市碳组分浓度高于周边3县的规律.OC、EC浓度显著相关,反映出二者有较高的同源性.整个区域SOC的平均浓度为(2.1±0.9)μg·m^-3,在PM_2.5中的占比为9.4%,在OC中的占比为40.1%,反映出OC主要来自一次排放,但二次生成也...     

成都碳质气溶胶变化特征及二次有机碳的估算

利用2020年6月~2021年5月在成都市观测的碳质气溶胶小时分辨率数据,分析了气溶胶中总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和二次有机碳(SOC)的变化特征.结果表明:观测期间m(TC)、m(OC)、m(EC)和r(OC/EC)的年均值分别为(9.5±4.4)μg/m³,(6.4±3.2)μg/m³,(3.2±1.1)μg/m³,2.2±0.5.成都m(TC)、m (OC)、m (EC)均表现冬为季最高((15.8±8.2),(11.1±5.8),(4.6±2.5)μg/m³),春秋次之,夏季最低((6.1±0.9),(4.5±2.0),(2.7±1.4)μg/m³)的特征.r(OC/EC)季节均值(1.9~2.6)以及四个季节的m(TC)、m(OC)、m(EC)呈现早(07:00~09:00)晚(22:00~01:00)“双峰”的日变化特征,表明机动车排放源对成都碳质气溶胶的影响较大.春夏季OC与EC的相关性小于秋冬季,表明春夏季OC、EC来源差异较大.由EC示踪法和最小相关性法得到m(SOC),r(SOC/OC)在夏季最大(40.4%),冬季最小(27.3%).春、夏季SOC与O₃呈显著正相关,表明较强的光化学反应对SOC生成有重要贡献.选取各季节连续高m(TC)时段与季节平均作对比,发现碳质气溶胶有明显夜间积累过程,夏季高浓度时段二次生成使得m(OC)增长显著高于m(EC),r(OC/EC)也迅速上升.     

基于随机森林模型的武汉市城区大气PM2.5来源解析

基于2019年12月～2020年11月期间武汉市城区大气PM_2.5及其主要化学组分（碳质组分、水溶性离子和元素组分）的在线监测数据,分析武汉城区大气PM_2.5的污染特征,并利用主成分分析方法和随机森林模型,对PM_2.5进行来源解析．结果表明,武汉市大气ρ(PM_2.5)冬季最高,为（61.33±35.32）μg·m^-3,而夏季最低,为（17.87±10.06）μg·m^-3．其中碳质组分以有机碳为主,年均值为（7.27±3.51）μg·m^-3,离子组分中ρ（NO₃^-）、ρ(SO₄^2-)和ρ（NH₄⁺）最高,年均值分别为（11.55±3.86）、（7.55±1.53）和（7.34±1.99）μg·m^-3,元素组分中ρ（K）、ρ（Fe）和ρ（Ca）最高,年均值分别为（752.80±183.9...     

武汉市城区PM2.5碳质组分特征及来源解析

为探究武汉市PM_2.5中碳质组分特征及来源,该研究于2018年夏季和2019年冬季在武汉市设点采集了PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5及其碳质组分(OC、EC和SOC)的浓度水平及季节变化特征,并运用同位素贝叶斯模型对碳质组分进行了来源解析。结果表明,PM_2.5在夏季和冬季的平均浓度分别为43.702和89.897μg/m³,均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准限值(35μg/m³)。OC、EC和SOC的夏季浓度为5.628、2.811和1.574μg/m³,冬季浓度为7.928、4.232和3.378μg/m³。冬季OC、EC的绝对浓度虽增大,但在PM_2.5中的占比却略有下降,说明冬季PM_2.5浓度的上升更多归结于无机组分的增加。武汉市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分各污染源贡献率依次为柴油车(50.14%)>C3植物燃烧(3...     

北京城区和路边秋冬季PM2.5中碳质组分特征及来源分析

为探究北京市不同点位秋冬季碳质组分污染特征及其来源,该文于2020年9月和12月在城区和路边站点同时开展了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、PM_2.5、O₃、CO、NO_x(NO+NO₂)和气象因子连续在线监测。结果表明,研究期间空气质量较好,路边站ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)和ρ(PM_2.5)分别为(5.66±3.54)、(1.59±1.31)和(32.9±25.1)μg/m³,较城区分别高出32%、70%和33%,表明路边PM_2.5污染较重,移动源对碳质组分尤其是EC贡献显著;秋季两站点OC浓度无显著空间差异,路边站EC较城区站高47%,PM_2.5中ω(碳质颗粒(TCM=1.4×OC+EC))在城区和路边分别为29%和25%,冬季路边站OC和EC较城区高54%和83%,城区和路边ω(TCM)为27%和31%;除O₃以外,其他气态污染物和PM_2.5均呈冬季高于秋季、路边高于城区...     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.