两种淹水模式下施用钝化材料对镉污染农田水稻安全生产的影响

为实现镉(Cd)污染农田稻米安全生产,以中度Cd污染农田为研究对象,通过连续2 a的大田试验,对比分析了间歇性淹水和全生育期淹水2种淹水模式下,玉石粉、生物炭和粉煤灰这3种钝化材料施用后对土壤pH,有效Cd和稻米Cd含量的影响.结果 表明:①单一淹水处理下,全生育期淹水和间歇性淹水处理均可提高土壤pH,土壤有效Cd降低...     

生物炭复配海泡石钝化修复弱碱性镉污染土壤

通过大田试验,研究了生物炭复配海泡石对弱碱性土壤镉(Cd)有效性、赋存形态和土壤质量以及Cd在玉米体内吸收累积的影响.结果表明,复配材料表面粗糙且含有纤维状结构,结合了海泡石和生物炭的矿物晶体组成.不同钝化处理降低了土壤Cd的有效性,其中,添加0.2%生物炭+0.2%海泡石时土壤有效态Cd含量由0.38 mg·kg^-1下降至0.25 mg·kg^-1,Cd赋存形态由活性较高的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化为更稳定的残渣态.施用不同复配比的生物炭和海泡石后,显著降低了玉米各部位Cd含量,与对照相比,3种玉米籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了37.14%～40.55%(蠡玉16)、59.46%～68.78%(郑单958)和40.94%～47.84%(三北218).添加钝化材料较对照处理显著升高了土壤可溶性有机碳含量、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性.其中,0.2%生物炭+0.2%海泡石处理对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性提升效果最好,0.2%生物炭+0.5%海泡石处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性提升效果最好.综合考虑,施用0.2%生物炭+0.2%海泡石复配材料对弱碱性Cd...     

施用生物质炭对土壤Cd、Pb有效性影响的整合分析

大量研究表明生物质炭施用可改变重金属在土壤中的生物有效性,但这种影响取决于土壤理化性质、生物质炭的种类与施用量等.本文以公开发表的81篇有关生物质炭与土壤重金属有效性的研究论文为基础进行归纳整理,采用数据整合分析方法,从土壤性质、生物质炭的特性与施用量等方面量化了生物质炭对土壤有效态Cd、Pb的影响.结果显示,与不施用生物质炭处理相比,施用生物质炭对土壤中Cd和Pb均具有显著的钝化效果,其有效态含量平均降低了37.59%和51.37%.其中,生物质炭对不同质地土壤Cd、Pb钝化效果表现为:砂质土壤壤质土壤粘质土壤,且生物质炭施用可使砂质土壤中有效态Cd、Pb平均降低47.18%和57.82%;生物质炭施用对弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果均最佳,弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量平均降幅分别为50.05%和58.60%,略高于中性土壤,明显高于碱性土壤.从生物质炭类型看,壳渣类生物质炭施用使土壤有效态Cd、Pb降幅最大,分别为58.44%和71.28%;在500～600℃的温度区间下制备获取的生物质炭可使土壤有效态Cd、Pb显著降低52.23%和60.90%;当生物质炭pH在7～8,土壤中Cd的有效态含量降低了71.93%,当生物质炭pH小于7时,有效态Pb降幅最大为61.88%.另外,土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果随着生物质炭施用量的增加而提高,当生物质炭施用量大于5%时,Cd、Pb有效态的降幅最大,分别达到54.41%和77.47%.可见,在选择生物质炭来修复重金属污染土壤时,应根据土壤性质来选择适宜的生物质炭种类及其施用量,以达到更好的钝化效果.     

牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配改良剂对土壤中Cd的钝化效果

农田土壤Cd污染是我国最为突出的环境问题之一,开展新型钝化修复Cd污染土壤材料的研究和技术开发对保障农产品安全及保护人体健康具有重要意义.以北京某蔬菜生产基地设施大棚Cd污染土壤为试验对象,温室条件下采用盆栽试验,研究牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土复合组配的改良剂对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果,探讨不同配比的组配改良剂对土壤Cd有效态含量以及小白菜Cd吸收量的影响.结果表明:在污染土壤中添加1%、2%和5%的组配改良剂,可明显降低土壤有效态Cd含量及小白菜对Cd的吸收,土壤有效态Cd含量降幅最大值达42.3%,小白菜地上部分Cd含量降幅最大值达22.7%,组配改良剂中骨炭成分比例越高,钝化效果越好,尤其以添加5%组配改良剂（添加组配改良剂中牛骨炭含量为50%）对Cd的稳定化效果最佳,且不同组配改良剂处理均不会对小白菜生长产生不良影响,表明牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂在修复Cd污染土壤上具有较好的应用潜力.研究显示,牛骨炭与伊/蒙黏土组配的改良剂符合绿色修复技术的发展要求,可作为钝化修复农田重金属污染土壤的环保新材料.      

改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤钝化修复效应和土壤环境质量的影响

通过大田示范试验,研究了钙基改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效应及对土壤理化性质、团聚体结构、土壤酶活性和玉米体内Cd累积特征的影响.结果表明,向弱碱性土壤中添加改性生物炭提高了土壤pH值、有效态阳离子交换量和有机质含量.与对照相比,添加钙基改性生物炭后土壤有效态Cd（DTPA-Cd）含量的降幅达到12.0%~30.2%,且Cd赋存形态由活性较高的可交换态和可还原态向更稳定的残渣态转变.改性生物炭的施加明显降低了Cd在植物体内富集的风险,玉米根、茎、叶和籽粒中Cd含量明显受到抑制,3种玉米品种籽粒中Cd含量较对照分别下降了52.65%~72.56%（郑单958）、37.54%~50.80%（蠡玉16）和23.60%~51.20%（三北218）.添加改性生物炭在一定程度上改善了土壤环境质量,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随着改性生物炭施加量的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势.改性生物炭处理下,5~8 mm和2~5 mm粒级团聚体所占比例增加,而≤ 0.25 mm粒级团聚体占比有所下降,团聚体平均几何直径（GMD）和平均质量直径（MWD）分别增加了10.35%~29.34%和13.20%~27.03%,显示土壤团聚体稳定性增加.玉米籽粒中（郑单958）Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系（p<0.01）.研究表明,钙基改性生物炭在钝化修复弱碱性Cd污染土壤和改善土壤环境质量方面具有一定的研究前景和可行性.     

钝化材料对镉污染农田原位钝化修复效果研究

原位钝化修复在重金属污染土壤修复中有着不可替代的作用,而修复材料在污染农田中的长期应用效果一直是人们关注的焦点。该文以Cd污染农田酸性土壤为研究对象,选择2种水稻品种(DY:德优4727;CY:川优6203)为供试材料,设置T1(石灰0.15kg/m~2)、T2(海泡石1.12 kg/m~2)、T3(石灰0.15 kg/m~2+海泡石1.12 kg/m~2)、T4(石灰0.15 kg/m~2+偏硅酸钠30 g/m~2+七水硫酸镁7.5 g/m~2)、T5(石灰0.15 kg/m~2+腐殖酸75 g/m~2)、T6(秸秆生物炭1.12 kg/m~2)和T7(灌浆期叶面喷施0.2%螯合铁肥)7个钝化处理。通过田间试验,研究不同钝化剂处理对土壤理化性质、Cd形态、水稻产量及糙米Cd含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施加钝化剂后土壤pH降低了0.09～1.07个单位,有机质增加了2.48%～41.96%,速效钾增加了3.62%～103.91%,碱解氮降低了0.25%～29.71%,其中,T3、T5和T6能有效提高土壤有机质,且对土壤肥力影响较大。T1、T4和T6处理的Cd形态向更稳定的氧化态和残渣态转化。T1和T5处理下,不同品种水稻产量及糙米Cd含量均表现为CYDY。因此,推荐以DY作为水稻品种,选用T5钝化处理作为修复酸性Cd污染农田具有较好的修复效果。     

聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石对Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效应

土壤重金属Cd具有难降解、易迁移和累积性强等特点,会破坏土壤环境,威胁粮食安全。将聚合氯化铝铁负载到凹凸棒石上,制备5种聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石新型钝化材料,通过扫描电镜(SEM)表征实验、钝化实验和玉米盆栽实验评价聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石对土壤Cd的钝化效果和环境风险。结果表明:将聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石施用于土壤中,能显著降低污染土壤二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取态Cd和毒性特征浸出态(TCLP) Cd的浓度。其中,掺入聚合氯化铝铁比例(质量分数)为25%的改性凹凸棒石处理土壤中2种生物有效态Cd的含量降幅最大,分别为21.51%和22.19%。改性凹凸棒石的施用促进了玉米幼苗的生长,聚合氯化铝铁掺入比例为25%时钝化效果最佳,玉米幼苗茎长较对照组增加了52.2%,玉米幼苗茎、根鲜生物量较对照组分别增加了75.1%和64.5%,茎、根干生物量较对照组分别增加了80.5%和79.7%,玉米幼苗茎、根Cd的含量较对照组分别下降了43.4%和24.7%。聚合氯化铝铁改性凹凸棒石具有较大比表面积、良好的离子交换能力和表面络合性能,显著降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性,可应用于Cd污染农田土壤的钝化修复。     

生物炭和磷肥复合修复有色矿区重金属污染土壤的效果

以有色矿区污染土壤为研究对象,考察了生物炭和磷肥单施及复合施用对土壤重金属的钝化修复效果。单施生物炭或与磷肥复合处理土壤pH显著升高。单施磷肥及与生物炭复合处理显著提高了土壤TCLP提取态磷。生物炭和磷肥是较好的钝化土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的修复材料,尤以P+HB处理的效果最好,使土壤TCLP提取态Pb、Zn和Cd分别降低39.4%、18.3%和41.8%,降低了重金属的迁移性和生物有效性。Pb的酸可提取态和可还原态主要向残渣态转化,而Zn和Cd主要向可氧化态转化。生物炭和磷肥复合对污染土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的钝化有协同作用。     

磁性生物炭的合成及对土壤重金属污染的钝化效果

为提高生物炭对土壤重金属的钝化能力,通过温和液相还原再氧化法制备了磁性生物炭材料.利用土壤培养实验,以0%、 0.3%、 0.6%和1.0%(质量分数)的比例向重金属污染土壤中施加磁性生物炭,考察磁性生物炭对土壤重金属污染的钝化修复效果及对土壤理化特性的影响,并对修复机制进行了探讨.结果表明,添加不同比例磁性生物炭后,土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn有效态含量均呈现不同程度的下降,且随着该材料添加比例的增加土壤中重金属有效态降幅随之增加.培养24 d后,Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的钝化效率分别达到了27.52%、 49.55%、 55.83%、 27.33%和26.01%(添加量为1%),但土壤中重金属的形态并没有发生显著变化,可能主要与重金属和生物炭之间相对较弱的结合机制有关.同时,磁性生物炭的添加改善了土壤的理化性质,其中pH值提高0.7个单位,脱氢酶活性提高6倍,过氧化氢酶活性和有机质分别提高37.06%和22.11%.     

不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷（As）和镉（Cd）复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效Cd含量降低34.77%~82.69%;猪粪堆肥和生物炭使土壤有效As含量显著提高,油菜秸秆和泥炭处理使土壤有效As含量显著降低;施用有机物料有助于水稻根表铁膜的形成,并使其中Cd、As含量分别提高17.73%~151.03%和28.49%~94.86%,使水稻糙米Cd含量降低15.87%~79.45%,As含量降低27.04%~82.51%,降幅以生物炭处理最大;有机物料还显著降低Cd在根-茎-叶-籽粒的转运系数及As从茎向籽粒转运系数.相关分析表明,土壤pH、有效Cd和铁膜Cd含量是影响籽粒Cd累积的主要因素,土壤pH、有机质和铁膜As含量是影响籽粒As累积的主要因素.有机物料通过改变土壤pH、有机质含量及铁膜中As和Cd含量,影响水稻对As和Cd的吸收和转运.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...