中国风电产业供需环境分析与发展预测

本文利用波特五力模型对中国风电产业所处竞争环境进行分析,认为中国风电产业内部竞争激烈,外来威胁不明显,替代品威胁力较弱,产业链上游核心零部件生产呈现"技术空心化"。通过对"风电零部件供给-风电整机制造-风电场运营开发"整个风电供需链的分析,认为现阶段制约我国风电产业持续发展的最大障碍,并不在于风电的制造、生产和运营,而是受制于风电并网的约束。为进一步研究未来我国风电市场的发展趋势,本文基于预测效果优于BP神经网络的STA-LSSVM模型,利用1993-2011年中国风电装机新增容量、累计容量及风电并网新增容量、并网累计容量等数据,预测了风电生产供给与风电并网需求的发展趋势。结果显示,2012-2015年我国风电装机容量增长率逐年上升趋势明显,而风电并网容量增长率则趋于平缓。预计到2014年风电累计并网容量缺口将达到4 817.03 MW,需求缺口将愈来愈大,风电消纳远远滞后于风电生产,风电产能"相对过剩"的局面将更加严重。鉴于此,本文在政策层面上给出如下建议:(1)进一步加强国家电网建设。要有重点、分步骤地建设偏远地区电网设施,并建立更大区域的电力市场,在区域电网内甚至在区域电网外寻找风电消纳市场;(2)创新风电并网技术及应用。政府应积极支持风电开发和并入电网所需要的输电投资;(3)加强风电项目风险控制。国家电力监管部门要重视风电场与电网的相互影响,加强监管力度;(4)创新风电利用方式。通过开发供热、农业提水灌溉等灵活用电负荷,促进风电就地消纳和利用。     

环境规制会影响产业集中度吗?:一个经验研究

作为刻画产业结构的重要指标之一——产业集中度,一直受到国内外学者的广泛重视,但鲜见有学者研究环境规制会对产业集中度带来何种影响。为了对此进行研究,本文以我国工业部门1996-2006年的数据为样本,首先计算出产业集中度(CR4和CR8)水平,并运用面板数据分析方法,在控制相关变量的基础上,研究了环境规制对产业集中度带来的影响,得到以下结论:(1)在不考虑其他控制变量时,环境规制变量对产业集中度产生不显著的正向促进作用,但随着控制变量的逐步引入,环境规制变量的显著性水平逐步提高,模型总体拟合效果趋于优化;(2)同时,进入退出壁垒、利润率水平、经济干预政策和规模经济程度四个控制变量也会对产业集中度产生显著的正向推动作用。因此,适度强化环境规制水平,不仅有利于保护环境,优化资源配置,淘汰落后产能,解决结构性产能过剩,而且有利于提升产业集中度,增强我国企业在国际上的竞争力。     

城市规模、集聚与空气质量

在STIRPAT模型的基础上,通过加入能源消费需求、工业化水平和产业集聚度变量,建立了拓展的STIRPAT模型,并使用动态面板GMM方法,分析了我国30个省会城市和直辖市2003-2012年间的面板数据,指出不同的城市规模与集聚程度会对空气质量有不同的影响。首先。从总体上来说,城市人口规模、富裕程度和技术水平是影响城市空气质量的主要因素,其中人口规模和技术水平对空气质量的影响均为正效应,而富裕程度对空气质量的影响呈现出倒N型EKC曲线形状;较高的能源消费需求和工业化水平会恶化空气质量,而较高的技术水平和产业集聚度会改善空气质量,这表明相关部门可以从不断提高科技水平和产业集聚度入手,通过各种方法减少能源消费需求、降低工业化水平。来达到改善空气质量的目的。其次,在总体回归的基础上,本文重点按照人口规模、经济规模和经济集聚度、人口集中度分析了城市规模与集聚对空气质量的影响情况。结果表明:欠发达城市和大中城市的回归结果与总体回归结果一致,而经济发达城市和特大城市的回归结果与总体回归结果有一定差异,本文认为导致这些差异的主要原因是科学事业费支出方向、社会消费品结构以及工业清洁能源利用及其利用效率等因素;低产业集聚度和低人口集中度城市的情形与总体较为相近,而高产业集聚度和高人口集中度城市的EKC曲线形状与工业化水平系数与总体结果相反,这两种差异分别与城市的发展阶段和城市的人口素质有关。因此,城市的相关部门在追求规模经济的同时应该注重科技投入结构的改善,注重提高能源使用效率和清洁能源的使用率,并且在不断提高产业集聚度与人口集中度的同时追求绿色GDP的实现,注重人口的文化教育以提高人口素质,从而提升公众的环保意识,以抵消随人口集中度提高带来的环境压力。     

武汉城市圈制造业集聚的实证研究

采用调整后的产业集聚EG指标,结合产业集中度指数,对武汉城市圈2000～2007年制造业19个行业的集聚程度进行了精确的测度,并分别从制造业集聚度变动趋势、产业集聚度特征、产业集聚空间分布特征、增长集聚弹性等角度进行了详细的分析。结果表明：考察期间武汉城市圈制造业的区域集聚度较高,而且中高技术行业集聚特征十分明显,资源性和低技术行业较为分散;从行业的区域集聚空间分布特征来看,产业集中度较高,主要集中在武汉、黄石、孝感和黄冈4市,其它5个城市产业集中度较低,城市上榜次数较少,且上榜行业主要集中在资源性和低技术行业,形成了以武汉等4市为中心,其它5市为外围的“中心 外围”结构;构建的产业集聚弹性模型计算结果表明,整体上城市圈制造业集聚弹性较大,但不同行业间的弹性值差距明显。     

中国环境污染密集型产业脱钩的异质性及产业转型

根据现有文献,研究中国的经济增长与环境污染的脱钩,需要将不同环境密集型产业与经济增长的关系分别测算,然后进行比较。本文选取了工业污染的三大来源——废水、废气和固体废物,每种污染源对应着一类环境密集型产业。这三种产业密集排放的污染物的量与经济增长之间的脱钩关系及其内在机制,这是本文研究的重点。本文借鉴Tapio弹性分析模型构建了我国经济增长与不同环境密集型产业之间的脱钩状态的分析模型,并对脱钩状态和程度的判定标准做了规定。随后,对2001-2009年四个时期的经济增长与不同环境密集型产业集中排放的污染物的量之间的脱钩指数进行了测算,同时测算了各产业污染的工业产值弹性及其工业产值的GDP弹性,并对脱钩状态和程度做了判定。结果表明:三类产业的脱钩程度各不相同,其动力机制与发展前景也有所不同,因而需要有针对性地采取规制和治理措施。     

天然气区域市场需求弹性差异性分析及价格规制影响研究

以大华北地区2000-2012年的天然气消费数据为样本,采用对数线性需求函数模型,分别估算了引入价格规制变量和不引入时的大华北地区需求弹性模型,并分析了价格规制对模型估算结果的影响。考虑到需求弹性的差异性问题,文章选取北京、山东、陕西和甘肃四个地区为研究对象,分别估算得到对应地区需求弹性模型,结合区域市场特点具体分析了产生差异的原因。为探究价格规制对天然气区域市场的影响,由大华北地区需求弹性模型分别估算了考虑价格规制影响和不考虑两种情形时该地区2009-2012年每年的天然气需求函数,同时对大华北地区在继续实行价格规制和放宽规制两种情形下未来的天然气需求进行了预测分析。研究表明:大华北地区天然气需求价格弹性为负、需求曲线向下,缺乏价格弹性,富于GDP弹性,GDP的持续增长是拉动天然气需求的最大动力;不同天然气区域市场,需求价格弹性、GDP弹性、价格规制弹性都存在很大的地区差异性,通常地区经济水平高、用户价格承受力强时,区域市场需求价格弹性较小,GDP弹性较小,价格规制弹性也较小,反之亦然;考虑价格规制时的大华北地区天然气需求曲线较不考虑时陡峭需求价格弹性与GDP弹性均小于不考虑情形,价格规制降低了需求价格弹性,抑制了GDP弹性;价格规制政策拉高了天然气需求,大华北地区未来市场具有支付意愿的天然气需求小于价格规制政策拉高的市场需求,为扩大天然气价格市场化后的需求,地方政府可考虑对地区市场采取一定的价格补贴措施来拉动需求。     

中国天然气价格管制的碳排放及经济影响——基于非完全竞争CGE模型的模拟研究

中国天然气产业的最大特点是垄断程度较强,政府对天然气产业的各个环节均存在价格管制。鉴于此,本文通过构建CGE模型以期全面量化分析政府对天然气产业价格管制政策变动产生的影响,从而为政府制定决策提供可供借鉴的依据。与以往的研究不同,本文构建的静态CGE模型,不仅刻画了天然气产业非完全竞争的市场结构还刻画了政府对天然气产业的价格管制行为。运用该模型,本文分别从消费侧以及供应侧的角度模拟了政府对天然气产业价格管制政策变动对我国碳排放及经济的影响,并且从经济结构以及能源消费结构的角度进一步分析了天然气价格管制政策变动的二氧化碳排放机制。模拟结果表明:1消费侧价格管制。提高天然气价格能够通过产业结构调整以及能源消费结构调整降低经济主体对天然气的消费进而降低二氧化碳的排放,同时由于天然气市场规模的缩小导致天然气产业的超额利润率有所下降。提高天然气价格提高了居民消费价格指数(CPI),降低了实际GDP以及居民福利水平。降低天然气价格对二氧化碳排放的影响、传导机制以及经济影响与提高天然气价格产生的影响类似,但是作用效果基本上相反。2供应侧价格管制。取消天然气供应侧价格管制能够通过优化要素配置促进实际GDP的增长、居民福利水平的改善并且降低居民消费价格指数(CPI),在收入效应的作用下不仅提高了经济主体对天然气的消费还提高了对能源总量的消费,从而增加了二氧化碳排放,同时由于天然气市场规模的扩大促进了天然气产业超额利润率的增长。因此,应该逐渐建立完善的天然气价格管理体制,确保天然气资源的有效利用;对天然气产业超额利润率进行管控,避免产生较大的负面收入分配效应;逐步取消天然气供应侧的价格管制,打破行政垄断,引入市场竞争机制,推动天然气产业的市场化进程。     

产业转型升级、贸易开放与中国劳动市场波动

在产业转型和贸易开放深入开展的同时,我国的劳动力市场波动也出现了明显的变化。通过推导基于垄断竞争的劳动需求模型、利用我国1998-2007年工业企业数据库检验产业转型升级中劳动市场波动是否加剧,并进一步考察贸易开放对两个产业部门的劳动市场波动差异的影响。实证研究发现,当外生冲击致使工资价格上升(或降低)1%时,高技术部门劳动需求将减少(或增加)0.265%-0.272%,而低技术部门企业的劳动需求将减少(或增加)0.258%-0.260%,高技术产业部门的劳动需求比低技术部门更富有弹性,意味着产业升级过程中劳动者将面临增大的就业风险和收入波动;进一步地,产业转型中的劳动市场波动加剧将在贸易开放背景下进一步扩大,且该结论具有稳健性。该实证发现为我国产业调整下完善劳动力市场提供有价值的政策启示,如组织开展劳动权益监督、鼓励劳动者参加职业技能培训以提高劳动者的谈判地位,针对高技术企业劳动群体建立就业预警、救助和帮扶机制,熨平就业过程中面临的经济、精神和生活上的波动。     

碳关税对中国制造业出口结构和社会福利影响的实证研究

近年来,碳排放逐渐从环境问题演变成政治经济问题,碳关税是发达国家推崇的新型贸易壁垒,以此来增强本国产业竞争力,这对于碳排放量较大的发展中国家无疑会产生较大的不利影响。为了提前做好准备应对发达国家碳关税,以我国出口结构中高碳产品最密集的制造业为对象,研究碳关税措施和出口贸易行业结构之间的关系,在气候变化问题和国际贸易两大体系之间建立关联。本文首先构建碳关税的局部均衡模型,从几何分析和数理分析两个维度出发,探讨美国征收碳关税对我国制造业出口贸易和社会福利产生的影响。在此基础上利用GTAP模型,模拟美国、欧盟等发达国家在四种情境下征收碳关税的情况,分析实施碳关税对我国制造业各行业出口结构的影响,以及对我国社会福利的影响。研究结果表明:美国征收碳关税会导致我国制造业产品出口市场价格下降,出口量减小;我国开征国内碳税会导致制造业产品出口市场价格上升,出口量减小,但出口减小幅度低于美国对我国制造业征收碳关税时的出口减小幅度;美、欧等发达国家征收碳关税将导致我国化工橡胶制品行业、石油煤炭加工工业以及造纸业等能源密集型行业的出口减少,其中受到冲击最严重的行业为造纸业,出口降幅在1.79%-6.05%之间,而其他非能源密集型的制造行业出口增加;我国制造业出口结构在一定程度上得到优化;我国整体福利水平下降,下降水平在21.34亿-83.47亿美元之间。最后,从国际协调、出口结构调整、绿色制造发展等方面提出对策建议,为我国制造业的发展提供借鉴。     

基于耗散结构系统熵模型的产业有序发展研究

"熵"和系统有序性之间存在着密切的关联关系,系统熵值的变化代表着系统有序发展程度的变化。对于封闭状态下的耗散结构系统来说,其内部要素之间的相互作用,会使系统的熵值增加,系统运行开始变得不稳定。具体表现为围绕目标而有效运行的秩序受到破坏,出现控制失灵、功能紊乱的无序现象。由此,构造耗散结构系统熵模型并测量系统熵值的变化,就可以有效反映系统运行的有序程度。本文研究发现,产业系统是一个典型的耗散结构系统,其发展的有序度可以用静态意义上的"结构熵"和动态意义上的"运行熵"来反映。因此,建立产业系统熵分析模型,进而解析产业系统的"结构熵"和"运行熵",可以有效解决产业系统有序发展程度的测定问题。利用我国风电产业发展的相关数据进行实证分析发现:在我国风电产业超高速发展的背后隐藏着一定程度的无序性,但随着产业整合的不断推进,其结构有序度将得到提高,运行有序度开始有所改进。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.