制革污水中有毒物质分隔处理浓度控制研究

有毒物质硫化物、铬、丹宁的分隔处理是制革污水生化处理中的必要措施，但国内缺乏这些有毒物质需要分隔处理的标准。     

排放环境目标值与点源分析模式

以排放环境目标值（DMEG）为基础。采用美国环保局研究较成熟的点源分析模式（SAM/IA）评价。比较了电镀废水中5项污染物处理前与处理后的效果。从毒理学角度评述了有毒物质对人体。生态环境的危害级数和单位排放率。并排出了有毒物质对人体健康，生态环境危害级数的顺序。     

排放物的环境目标值与污染源评价

介绍了美国环保局的排放物的环境目标值（ＤＭＥＧ）及点源分析模式（ＳＡＭ／ＩＡ）并以此评价，比较了电镀废水中五项污染物的处理效果，分析了污染治理设施的环境效益，从毒理学角度评述了有毒物质对人体健康，生态环境的危害级数和单位排放率，并排出有毒物质对人体健康，生态环境危害级数的秩序，评价结构为环境管理和选择最佳治疗治理方案提供了依据。     

水环境中有毒污染物种类综述

正随着科学技术的进步,工农业生产的发展,水环境作为工农业废物的最终排放点,污染现象越来越严重。水环境中有毒污染物从化学角度,分为无机有毒物和有机有毒物。无机有毒物这类物质具有强烈的生物毒性,他们排入天然水体,常会影响水中生物,并可通过食物链危害人体健康。这类污染物都具有明显的累积性,可使污染影响持久和扩大。水体有毒污染已成为世界各国科学界和政府关注的热点,得到社会的广泛关注。1水环境藏匿有毒污染物値得社会的广泛关注     

印染废水处理污泥危险废物鉴别过程中有毒污染物的迁移转化及鉴别因子筛选

简述了印染废水处理污泥危险废物鉴别过程中有毒污染物的迁移转化及鉴别因子筛选。以采用活性染料的印染企业为例,从常用的原辅材料、使用的生产工艺、常用的废水处理工艺等几个方面来对印染废水处理污泥危险废物鉴别过程中有毒污染物的迁移及转化进行分析。提出危险废物鉴别工作任重而道远,危险废物鉴别的关键在于日常监管。     

甘肃省优先控制有毒化学品名单筛选研究

通过对全省１０４５种化学品基础数据，国内外有毒化学品名单，法规，毒理等资料源的调查收集，在此基础上研究运用了粗选－－粗选－－复审三步法筛选程序，优选出了３８种有毒化学品作为甘肃省优先控制名单，作为管理部门优先管理，控制污染制定法规的科学依据。     

上海工业区环境空气VOCs预警值及特征物种筛选方法研究

在上海市大气污染物排放标准的基础上,结合国家相关标准提出了工业区环境空气中47项VOCs指标的预警值。根据VOCs污染物的有毒有害性和异味特征、浓度特征和光化学活性特征,分别定义了T-特征污染物、C-特征污染物和O-特征污染物,并提出了各类特征污染物的筛选方法。将VOCs预警值和特征污染物筛选方法应用于上海市工业园区在线监测点,结果显示预警值较为适用,可以达到较好的预警目标;特征污染物筛选结果合理,且能从不同角度反映各站点周边污染源特征。     

长江口南通地区饮用水源地健康风险评价

对长江口南通地区饮用水源地中镉、砷、六价铬等有毒有害物质的浓度进行了调查,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各饮用水源地有毒有害物质所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,长江口南通地区饮用水源地通过饮水途径基因毒物质中化学致癌物所产生的健康风险的数量级为10^-8~10^-5,其中As 在如海河和新通扬运河所引起的致癌风险最大,高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP) 推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平;通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险远低于ICRP 推荐的最大可接受风险水平。基因毒物质中砷和六价铬这2种毒物应被列为该地区饮用水源地水和水厂制水过程中优先检测和控制的致癌污染物,应重点关注基因毒物质六价铬和砷对人体所产生的健康风险。     

岷江成都段有机物污染调查

对岷江成都段有机物污染进行了调查。共设置7个监测断面,共定性检出431种有机物：经过筛选确定苯系物、多环芳烃、有机氯农药、多氯联苯和挥发性卤代烃为主要污染物。对这5类有机污染物定量分析,并对其时空分布及其成因进行了探讨。指出,随着工业的发展,有机物污染问题日益突出,有机化合物的数目增加的很快,我国目前对有毒有害化合物的评价标准远远满足不了需要。建议在严格控制现有有毒有害化合物的基础上制定出更多的评价标准。     

解决实验室污染问题建议

①用清洁、安全的方法代替有毒有害、存在二次污染的标准方法.②除国家级实验室用真实的一级标准物质外,其它实验室逐步使用模拟标准物质.③质控标样按每季或半年发一次.其余样品分析用自控措施代替.④使用RBS洗剂或研制开发新的洗液.     

Wipe sampling as a tool for monitoring aerosol deposition in workplaces

As a complement to traditional exposure assessment, monitoring deposition of aerosols can be a simple and quick screening method for identifying deposited aerosols. In this presentation examples of screening studies, based on wipe sampling in combination with adequate analytical techniques, are described. These screening methods are rapid, simple and easy to carry out. The examples given in this presentation show a broad applicability and the methods are proven useful for assessing aerosol distribution in the workplace as well as to identify target spots for more extensive assessment of a worker's exposure situation.     

Strategically designed sample composition for fastest screening of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in water samples

A new strategy for preparing composite samples of special interest and applicability in environmental screening studies is presented. The use of supersaturated experimental design matrices to conduct the sample composition of water sample specimens in screening studies is demonstrated. In contrast to well known conventional sample composition, this strategic approach provides analytical objects allowing the accurate prediction of analyte concentration levels in the original individual sample specimens while fixing the number of experiments to be carried out down to the very number of sample specimens. This will be of special importance when dealing with analytes that require complicated, labour intensive and expensive analytical processes. To reach this goal, two main conditions must be fulfilled. The first one is the sparsity effect (Pareto principle) which holds for the specimens in the sampling campaign. This means that the number of really anomalous or contaminated specimens, as compared to the total number of specimens to be analysed, is low. In environmental screening studies, frequently this situation can be reasonably assumed. The second condition is to have an effective manner to develop and solve the experimental designs required to build-up the composite samples. The challenging problem of screening PCBs in water samples has been tackled to show the usefulness of this strategic approach by combining chemometrically assisted sample composition and rapid analysis using solid-phase microextraction of the composite samples.     

Immunoassay-based screening of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sediments: requirements for a new generation of test kits

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been proposed for the inclusion in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) priority list, currently under revision. Various screening methods have been employed for PCB determination in different environmental matrixes in the last decades, immunoassays being one of the most employed. A literature review reveals that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly applied immunoassay for PCB determination in the environment. However, its application to sediments is very limited. A suitability assessment of immunoassay-based analysis for PCB screening in sediments is presented in this work. The significance of available immunoassay-based test kits under the current environmental pollution scenario and their performance against the sensitivity and specificity requirements dictated by the WFD for PCB analysis in sediments is discussed. For example, current detection limits of available test kits for PCB determination in sediments may not be enough for compliance checking under the WFD. In addition, concentration expressed as Aroclor equivalents does not seem to be the way forward. A proposal for adapting available test kits in order to become more suitable tools for PCB screening in sediments is also presented in this study.     

Screening organic chemicals in commerce for emissions in the context of environmental and human exposure

Quantitative knowledge of organic chemical release into the environment is essential to understand and predict human exposure as well as to develop rational control strategies for any substances of concern. While significant efforts have been invested to characterize and screen organic chemicals for hazardous properties, relatively less effort has been directed toward estimating emissions and hence also risks. Here, a rapid throughput method to estimate emissions of discrete organic chemicals in commerce has been developed, applied and evaluated to support screening studies aimed at ranking and identifying chemicals of potential concern. The method builds upon information in the European Union Technical Guidance Document and utilizes information on quantities in commerce (production and/or import rates), chemical function (use patterns) and physical-chemical properties to estimate emissions to air, soil and water within the OECD for five stages of the chemical life-cycle. The method is applied to 16,029 discrete substances (identified by CAS numbers) from five national and international high production volume lists. As access to consistent input data remains fragmented or even impossible, particular attention is given to estimating, evaluating and discussing uncertainties in the resulting emission scenarios. The uncertainty for individual substances typically spans 3 to 4 orders of magnitude for this initial tier screening method. Information on uncertainties in emissions is useful as any screening or categorization methods which solely rely on threshold values are at risk of leading to a significant number of either false positives or false negatives. A limited evaluation of the screening method's estimates for a sub-set of about 100 substances, compared against independent and more detailed emission scenarios presented in various European Risk Assessment Reports, highlights that up-to-date and accurate information on quantities in commerce as well as a detailed breakdown on chemical function are critically needed for developing more realistic emission scenarios.     

环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物的研究进展

综述了糖皮质激素受体干扰物的作用机制和生态效应,列举了多种活性筛选方法,并根据性质对干扰物进行了种类的划分。在当前环境糖皮质激素受体干扰物研究的基础上,指出了作用机制的研究不全面、个体生物筛选方法匮乏、缺少可信的活性模拟预测技术等问题,并提出了应借助模式生物完善作用机制研究,在此基础上建立稳定、高通量的个体生物活性筛选方法和动力学过程模拟替代技术用以活性预测等发展方向。     

筛选试剂盒法在土壤多氯联苯检测中的应用

用筛选试剂盒法对5个场地土壤样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了快速筛选检测,并用气相色谱-质谱法对筛选结果进行了验证。结果表明,筛选试剂盒法的筛选结果准确,但是个别样品测试结果偏高,其原因可能是样品中其他含氯有机物的干扰所致。     

液相色谱串联高分辨质谱在水环境监测领域中的应用研究

简述了液相色谱串联高分辨质谱(LC-HRMS)的优势和其在水环境监测领域中的实际工作流程。分析了LCHRMS在水环境监测应用中面临的数据库储备相对匮乏和优先锁定定性目标相对滞后的问题,提出,通过建立目标化合物数据库,从厂家或供应商处购买与仪器匹配的数据库,建立高通量靶向监测和高通量非靶向筛查的体制机制,以及建立具有地方特色的特征污染物数据库等几种方式,以期进一步提高鉴别工作效率,更好地满足水环境监测的筛查需求。     

A field screening test for the assessment of concentrations and mobility of potentially toxic elements in soils: a case study on urban soils from Rome and Novi Sad

The increasing demand for environmental pollution control results in the development and use of new procedures for the determination of dangerous chemicals. Simple screening methods, which can be used directly in the field for a preliminary assessment of soil contamination, seem to be extremely advantageous. In our laboratory, we developed and optimized a rapid test for a preliminary evaluation of both the concentration and the mobility of some potentially toxic metals in soils. This screening test consists of a single extraction of the soil sample with a buffer solution, followed by the titration of the extracted solution with dithizone to determine the contents of bi-valent heavy metals (such as Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd). This screening method was then directly applied in the field during the sampling campaign in the framework of an Italian–Serbian collaborative project, finalized in the study of metal availability in soils. The results obtained in the field with the rapid test were compared with those obtained in the laboratory following the conventional procedure commonly used to evaluate metal bioavailability (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic extraction). Moreover, selected samples were analyzed sequentially in the laboratory using the standardized BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. The screening test gave results conceptually in good agreement with those obtained via the BCR procedure. These preliminary data show that the proposed screening test is a reliable method for the preliminary rapid evaluation of metal total concentrations and of potential metal mobility in soils, supporting sampling activities directly in the field.     

SEA screening of voluntary climate change plans: A story of non-compliant discretion

Screening within Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is the first critical stage involving considerations on whether an assessment is carried out or not. Although legislation and guidance offer practitioners a legal and logical approach to the screening process, it is inevitable that discretionary judgement takes place and will impact on the screening decision. This article examines the results of discretion involved in screening of climate change plans (CCPs) in a Danish context. These years voluntary CCPs are developed as a response to the global and local emergence of both mitigation and adaptation, and the voluntary commitment by the local authorities is an indication of an emerging norm of climate change as an important issue.This article takes its point of departure in the observation that SEA is not undertaken for these voluntary CCPs. The critical analysis of this phenomenon rests upon a documentary study of Danish CCPs, interviews with a lawyer and ministerial key person and informal discussions between researchers, practitioners and lawyers on whether climate change plans are covered by SEA legislation and underlying reasons for the present practice.Based on a critical analysis of mandatory SEA and/or obligation to screen CCPs according to significance criteria, the authors find that 18 out of the 48 CCPs are mandatory to SEA and 9 would require a screening of significance and thereby potentially be followed by a SEA. In practice only one plan was screened and one was environmentally assessed. The legal, democratic and environmental consequences of this SEA practice are critically discussed. Hereunder is the missed opportunity to use the broad environmental scope of SEA to avoid a narrow focus on energy and CO₂ in CCPs, and the question whether this practice in Denmark complies with the EU Directive.     

Multi-level screening of a proposed hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility site--a case study

A comprehensive environmental assessment (EA) is a pre-requisite before the site for developing a hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility (HWTDF) is selected. However, the resource limitations, especially for developing countries, often dictatethat the detailed EA be restricted to those sites, which are constraint free and have low hazard potentials. Thus, a preliminary screening exercise for assessing the suitability ofsite for developing the HWTDF needs to be carried out to avoid huge costs involved in detailed EA. While screening a HWTDF site,various factors such as present land use, ecologically sensitiveareas, geology and hydrogeology of the area, the quality and quantity of wastes, engineered safeguards, and the operationalprocedures that need to be adopted, are required to be addressed. In this paper, a multi-level screening criteria employing RemoteSensing, Constraint Mapping, Groundwater Pollution Potential Index (DRASTIC Index), and the Site Ranking was used to assess the suitability of a proposed site for the development of HWTDF.The study helped to identify various constraints at the proposedsite and their significance on the development of the HWTDF.