乙酰螺旋霉素废水生物处理的试验研究

采用相同体积 (6 2L)的升流厌氧污泥床和厌氧复合床处理乙酰螺旋霉素废水 ,当容积负荷为 6 0kg(COD) (m3 ·d)时 ,升流厌氧污泥床和厌氧复合床反应器对SS、COD、BOD5的去除率分别为 6 7 4 %、85 1%、91 2 %和 75 6 %、91 7%、96 1%,结果表明厌氧复合床是高效实用的厌氧生物反应器 ;厌氧出水采用相同体积 (6 4L)的生物接触氧化工艺和周期循环活性污泥系统进行处理 ,当容积负荷为 1 6kg(COD) (m3 ·d)时 ,生物接触氧化反应器和周期循环活性污泥系统对SS、COD、BOD5的去除率分别为 87 9%、85 1%、92 8%和 91 6 %、88 7%、95 4 %,结果表明周期循环活性污泥系统是高效实用的好氧生物反应器 .     

倒置A2/O-MBR处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP、出水SS、跨膜压差(TMP)的影响.结果表明,该系统对COD、NH4+-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB 18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg.L-1;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达90%左右;在膜丝未大量断裂前,系统出水SS小于10mg.L-1;随着系统的运行,TMP逐渐增大,不正确的曝气方式会导致TMP迅速增加.膜截留对COD、TP、SS有直接去除作用,由于膜滤出水中没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌在反应器中生长;当污泥浓度增加到6 500 mg.L-1左右,进水量增加0.5倍对出水水质影响很小.     

污泥厌氧产酸发酵液作碳源强化污水脱氮除磷中试研究

为研究城市污泥厌氧产酸发酵液作为补充碳源强化生活污水脱氮除磷系统的效果和可行性,建造了一个总有效体积为4 660 L的A2/O中试反应系统,以实际城市污水为研究对象,考察了添加污泥产酸发酵液后的污水脱氮除磷效果并和单纯添加乙酸作碳源的效果进行了比较.结果表明,在进水COD为243.7 mg·L-1、NH+4-N为30.9 mg·L-1、TN为42.9 mg·L-1、TP为2.8 mg·L-1、硝化液回流比为200%和污泥回流比为100%的条件下,向缺氧池中投加乙酸能增强系统脱氮除磷效果,反应器的最佳进水流量和投加碳源SCOD增量分别为7 500 L·d-1和50 mg·L-1.污泥发酵液代替乙酸作为外加碳源时的平均出水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除率分别为81.60%、88.91%、64.86%和87.61%,相对应的出水浓度分别为42.18、2.77、11.92和0.19 mg·L-1,满足我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB 18918-2002所规定的一级A标准.结果表明,投加污泥产酸发酵液作为脱氮除磷碳源可达到和乙酸同样的效果,具有实际可行性,这为城市污泥处理处置实现资源化提供了一条新的可行途径.     

A2/O流量分配处理低C/N污水性能与微生物结构

针对现有城市污水处理厂进水碳源不足的问题,通过建立多段进水改良A~2/O中试反应器处理低C/N(C/N 5)城市污水,以研究多段进水对其脱氮除磷性能和微生物种群结构变化的影响.结果表明,与传统厌氧段进水的模式相比,多段进水优化了进水碳源在厌氧段和缺氧段中的分布,从而提高了系统的反硝化脱氮和反硝化除磷性能; Q预缺∶Q厌∶Q缺=0. 1∶0. 2∶0. 3(阶段Ⅳ)为系统的最佳工况,此时出水COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均浓度分别为30. 10、1. 85、9. 41和0. 71 mg·L-1,去除率分别为89. 41%、95. 30%、83. 00%和90. 09%;在120d的试验过程中,系统均未出现丝状菌膨胀现象,曝气池活性污泥沉降性能良好,好氧池活性污泥SVI随着缺氧段进水比例的增加而降低,至阶段Ⅴ达到最佳状态,此时的SVI和VSS/TSS分别为112. 09 m L·g-1和0. 84;通过对各阶段好氧区活性污泥16S rRNA基因测序数据的梳理,发现系统较好的脱氮除磷和污泥沉降性能分别与6类异养型菌属、4类反硝化菌属、5类聚磷菌属和2类菌胶团菌属的富集,3类丝状菌的淘汰密切相关.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

环流曝气塔中生物脱氮过程的研究

利用环流曝气塔进行同时硝化/反硝化(sND)脱氮实验.实验中,分别采用不同降解性能的碳源以及采用不同的碳源投加方式,研究反应器内的脱氮过程,监测处理过程中NO_x^--N浓度和溶解氧DO的变化.实验显示,在COD 800mg/L+800mg/L的分批加料方式下,NH₄⁺-N的降解得到加强,出水中NH₄⁺-N浓度低于3mg/L;利用较难降解物质作为碳源时,利于反应器内低溶解氧条件的出现,促进了反硝化的进行,实验在采用醇类碳源时脱氮效果好于葡萄糖的情况.     

硫酸盐/氨的厌氧生物转化试验研究

采用厌氧上流式生物膜反应器,通过控制不同的水力停留时间、进水n(NH+4-N)/n(SO2-4-S)和HCO-3浓度研究了无机营养条件下硫酸盐/氨的厌氧生物转化特性.结果表明,反应器中NH+4和SO2-4发生了同步去除,最大NH+4-N和SO2-4-S去除速率分别为47.6 mg·(L·d)-1和16.9 mg·(L·d)-1,稳定去除率最高分别超过了80%和43%;反应过程中有NO-3-N的明显生成,出水NO-3-N浓度最大时为77.6 mg·L-1,整个过程中,未检测到S2-的生成,有单质硫附着在生物污泥表面;由于控制条件的不同,会产生不同的n(NH+4-N)/n(SO2-4-S)转化比,表明NH+4和SO2-4的厌氧生物反应并不是简单地接续反应,反应器中存在更为复杂的反应过程和转化途径.     

A2/O短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统构建与脱氮特性

针对现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临进水碳源不足影响脱氮效率的问题,通过调控A²/O系统曝气分区比例、溶解氧(DO)浓度和污泥龄(SRT)构建短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统,以研究不同工况下该系统的脱氮性能、脱氮途径和微生物种群结构的变化情况.研究结果表明在低C/N进水(C/N=5)情况下,该系统具有稳定优良的脱氮性能.在140 d试验过程中,反应器经历了氨氧化细菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)共培养阶段(阶段Ⅰ)、AOB筛分阶段(阶段Ⅱ～Ⅲ)与厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)富集阶段(阶段Ⅳ),系统的脱氮途径也由初始的全程硝化反硝化逐步转化为短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮;系统的脱氮效率在阶段Ⅳ达到最佳状态,此时该系统出水NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均浓度分别为1.20 mg·L^-1和7.03mg·L^-1,其对应的去除率分别为97.69%和87.83%;Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的系统中Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira这两类AOB的富集...     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

碳源类型对A2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

采用52.5 L的A²O反应器,以乙酸和丙酸分别作为进水唯一碳源,系统研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,在进水COD为250 mg/L左右,NH⁺₄-N为52 mg/L左右的条件下,原水碳源类型对TN的去除影响不大,系统TN去除率均在65%左右.进水碳源类型对TP的去除及相应污泥中PHA的类型、含量和代谢及糖原的变化影响较大.乙酸为唯一碳源时,厌氧区放磷浓度较高,污泥中PHA的成分主要为PHB和PHV,两者在厌氧区的合成量差别不大,PHB在随后的反应过程中变化较大,对除磷代谢过程起主要作用,而PHV的变化较小.丙酸作为进水唯一碳源时,厌氧区的放磷浓度偏低,主要合成PHV,几乎不含PHB,PHV在随后吸磷过程中浓度变化较大,对除磷代谢起主要作用,而且出水TP浓度偏低.碳源类型对污泥中糖原的代谢也有影响,乙酸为碳源时糖原的含量高,变化范围也较大,丙酸为碳源时糖原的变化幅度较小.在同步脱氮除磷系统中,与乙酸相比,丙酸是一种更合适的碳源.     

亚硝酸盐积累对A~2O工艺生物除磷的影响

常温条件下,通过控制好氧区DO浓度为0.3～0.5 mg/L,同时增大系统内回流比以降低系统好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2O工艺中成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化.但随着系统出水亚硝酸盐含量的升高,系统对磷的去除效果逐渐恶化.当好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度19 mg/L时,系统出水磷浓度大于进水磷浓度,系统处于净释磷状态.通过对原水COD浓度、反应区温度、pH值、游离亚硝酸浓度(free nitrous acid,FNA)等分析,表明碳源不足及短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累影响了聚磷菌厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷;尤其是好氧区较高的FNA浓度(HNO2-N 0.002～0.003 mg/L)对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制是导致系统除磷效果恶化的直接原因.通过外投碳源提高原水COD浓度,提高了聚磷菌厌氧释磷合成PHA的能力;同时增强了系统的反硝化能力,降低好氧区亚硝酸盐浓度,从而降低FNA对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制程度,系统的除磷性能可迅速恢复;系统对磷的去除率可达96%以上.     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

两相厌氧条件下升流式污泥床的起动和污泥颗粒化

一、引言 荷兰Wageningen农业大学Lettinga,G等在七十年代发展的升流式污泥床(UASB)由于处理效果显著而引人注目,但升流式污泥床的起动过程需时长、难度大,颗粒污泥的培养更是艰巨,污泥颗粒化的机理也不十分清楚,因此探索污泥颗粒化的机理和条件是发展这种装置所必须解决的问题。本实验就是探索在以活性高、沉降性差的细小絮状污泥作种子污泥、采用两相厌氧工艺时升流式污泥床的起动和颗粒污泥的培养问题。     

微膨胀对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮过程中N2O产生量的研究

采用控制低溶解氧(DO)在SBR反应器内,研究了好氧颗粒污泥微膨胀的实现;考察了微膨胀颗粒污泥对COD和氨氮去除效能以及温室气体N2O产生量.结果表明,在低DO条件下可以获得微膨胀颗粒污泥,污泥容积指数(SVI)大都在150～250 mL.g-1之间.微膨胀颗粒污泥对COD和氨氮去除量影响不大,COD去除率从89.45%上升到90.99%;氨氮去除率从77.29%降至68.29%;硝化速率从38.95×10-3 mg.(g.min)-1降至33.46×10-3 mg.(g.min)-1.微膨胀颗粒污泥对N2O产生量影响很大,微膨胀颗粒污泥N2O产生量为2.42 mg.m-3是没有发生微膨胀颗粒污泥N2O产生量的1.26倍.微膨胀颗粒污泥N2O释放速率由3.63×10-3mg.(L.min)-1上升到4.72×10-3mg.(L.min)-1.     

电化学氧化与厌氧技术联用处理垃圾渗沥水

采用电化学氧化与上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)结合技术,提出了处理香港垃圾渗沥水的二步法工艺.对含COD和NH₃-N分别为4750mg/L和1310mg/L的垃圾渗沥水,首先进行UASB预处理(消化温度37℃,COD负荷0.78g/(L·d),HRT为6.1d),获得了66%的COD去除率;UASB的出水被引入电化学氧化反应器进行深度处理.在外加Cl 2000mg/L,电流密度为32.3mA/cm²的条件下,经6h的电解间接氧化,COD和NH₃-N的去除率分别达到87%和100%,出水的COD为209mg/L,并且不含NH3-N,此过程的COD电能消耗＜55kW·h/kg.本文讨论了电化学氧化过程中电极反应原理,各实验参数对COD和NH₃-N去除率的影响,以及电能消耗与运行成本评估等.     

全耦合活性污泥模型(FCASM3)在A+A2/O工艺污水处理厂中的数值模拟应用

基于FCASM3建立了杭州市某污水厂A+A~2/O工艺模型.首先测定该污水处理厂的进水水质组分,以及不同阶段污染物浓度的变化和活性污泥中微生物动力学参数;然后,利用该厂2017年上半年的运行数据对模型进行校核.校核结果显示,该模型能够很好地模拟出系统中各物质的转化情况.最后,利用校核完成的工艺模型对该污水厂的主要工艺参数,包括溶解氧、污泥回流比和混合液回流比,进行多因素正交模拟试验.试验结果表明,该污水处理厂的最佳运行工况为:当A+A~2/O系统的好氧池氧传输速率(Oxygen Transfer Coefficient,KLa)、污泥回流比和混合液回流比分别控制在2 h-1、75%及250%时,好氧池TN出水浓度下降1.28 mg·L~(-1),脱氮效率提高了15.91%,同时该厂污水处理能耗降低.     

Comparison between UV and VUV photolysis for the pre- and post-treatment of coking wastewater

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis were investigated for the pre-treatment and post-treatment of coking wastewater. First, 6-fold diluted raw coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. It was found that 15.9%-35.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 24 hr irradiation. The irradiated effluent could be degraded by the acclimated activated sludge. Even though the VUV photolysis removed more chemical oxygen demand (COD) than UV, the UV-irradiated effluent demonstrated better biodegradability. After 4 hr UV irradiation, the biological oxygen demand BOD₅/COD ratio of irradiated coking wastewater increased from 0.163 to 0.224, and its toxicity decreased to the greatest extent. Second, the biologically treated coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. Both of them were able to remove 37%-47% TOC within 8 hr irradiation. Compared to UV, VUV photolysis could significantly improve the transparency of the bio-treated effluent. VUV also reduced 7% more ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), 17% more nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), and 18% more total nitrogen (TN) than UV, producing 35% less nitrite nitrogen (NO₃^--N) as a result. In conclusion, UV irradiation was better in improving the biodegradability of coking wastewater, while VUV was more effective at photolyzing the residual organic compounds and inorganic N-species in the bio-treated effluent.     

Nitrogen removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a fluidized bed step-feed process

For urban wastewater treatment, we conducted a novel four-stage step-feed wastewater treatment system combined with a fluidized bed laboratory experiment to investigate chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₄⁺-N, and total nitrogen (TN) removal performance. The removal rates of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN were 88.2%, 95.7%, and 86.4% with effluent concentrations of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN less than 50, 8, and 10 mg/L, respectively. Biomass and bacterial activities were also measured, with results showing more nitrobacteria in the activated sludge than in the biofilm; however, bacterial activity of the biofilm biomass and the activated sludge were similar. Nitrogen concentrations during the process were also detected, with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification found to be obvious.     

厌氧膜生物反应器耦联部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化用于污水处理研究

本研究构建了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）-部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（PN/Anammox）污水处理工艺,以探究AnMBR-PN/A工艺处理效果最佳的水力停留时间（HRT）.AnMBR将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合实现有机物去除,AnMBR出水NH₄⁺-N通过PN部分转化为NO₂^--N,最终通过NO₂^--N氧化剩余NH₄⁺-N去除.实验结果表明：在HRT=11.2 h时,AnMBR-PN/A工艺化学需氧量（COD）去除率稳定在97%以上,COD转化为CH₄效率超过77.5%,总氮（TN）去除率为78%,出水COD和TN浓度分别低于14和11 mg·L^-1.AnMBR段COD去除率达到95%,平均甲烷产率为0.39 L·L^-1·d^-1.PN段实现了NO₂^--N的高效积累,其出水中NO₂^-/NH₄⁺为0.91±0.11.Anammox段出水中的NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度分别低于1.0、4.9和5.1 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果表明PN段氨氧化菌主要为Nitrosomonas,丰度为7.09%,Anammox段主要微生物为Candidatus Brocadia,丰度高达21.01%.本研究构建的AnMBR-PN/A工艺实现了污水处理过程的高效能源回收和深度自养脱氮,研究成果为工程应用提供了理论支撑.