新型表面活性剂溶液对煤尘的润湿性能研究

研究一种自制的聚醚改性硅油类新型表面活性剂(代号JCS-001)溶液对煤尘的润湿性能.Walker实验结果表明,JCS-001溶液润湿煤尘的能力非常强,尤其在临界胶束浓度(CMC)范围内,其润湿性能均大大优于SDBS和TX-100;同时研究了加入氯化钠以及与SDBS或TX-100复配等因素对JCS-001溶液润湿性能的影响,实验结果表明,当JCS-001与SDBS以3:2复配(总浓度为0.5g·L-1)时,所得混合溶液对煤尘的润湿效果达到最佳,最大润湿速度为9.84 mg/s.     

防灭火高性能泡沫的试验研究

针对目前煤炭防灭火泡沫存在起泡性能低、稳泡时间短的问题,通过对现有表面活性剂进行复配,获得了泡沫性能良好的新型复合表面活性剂溶液体系。研究了复配体系的表面张力、泡沫性能,以及温度、无机盐离子对二元复配体系SDS/OP-10、SDS/OB-2、SDS/BS-12的起泡性能和稳泡性能的影响,并探讨了其性能变化的原因。结果表明:表面活性剂复配后均具有良好的协同增效作用,在其具有最低表面张力的复配比例下,起泡高度均超过100 mm,稳泡性能由高到低为阴/阳(SDS/OB-2)、阴/两性(SDS/BS-12)、阴/非(SDS/OP-10);泡沫性能最佳的复配体系为阴/阳(SDS/OB-2),在10-2mol/L NaCl存在时,起泡高度达133 mm,泡沫消失速度为0.01 mm/s。     

非阳离子表面活性剂对煤润湿性能影响的研究

为改善煤层注水效果,有效防治矿井瓦斯灾害,研究非阳离子表面活性剂对煤体的润湿影响。选择JCY接触角测试仪和BZY表面张力测试仪测定十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)和辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(TX-100)等4种非阳离子表面活性剂在不同质量浓度下的接触角和表面张力,并由此计算溶液的铺展系数、临界表面张力、黏附张力、黏附功和表面自由能等润湿性参数,分析4种表面活性剂对煤体润湿性能的影响。结果表明:4种非阳离子表面活性剂溶液的表面张力和接触角均与其溶液质量浓度成一阶指数衰减函数关系;铺展系数与表面活性剂溶液质量浓度成幂函数关系;黏附功和黏附张力与其溶液质量浓度均成负幂函数关系;表面自由能与其溶液质量浓度成负线性关系;SDBS和SDS溶液的临界表面张力、黏附张力、黏附功及表面自由能均小于AEO和TX-100,但铺展系数大于AEO和TX-100,说明SDBS和SDS对煤体的润湿性能优于AEO和TX-100,对煤层注水效果明显,进而抑制瓦斯浓度超限等灾害。     

一种新型高铺展性水成膜泡沫的性质以及灭火性能研究

介绍了一种自制的多组分水成膜泡沫溶液,并对该泡沫溶液的各种性能(表面张力,铺展性,灭火性能等)进行了表征,同时与传统的水成膜泡沫进行了对比.试验结果表明,该泡沫溶液的表面张力和界面张力很低.极低的表面和界面张力导致该泡沫在液体燃料表面具有很强的铺展性,能在极短的时间内在燃料表面铺展成一层液膜,使燃料表面迅速隔氧降温,从而达到迅速灭火的作用.在通过压缩空气泡沫系统进行灭火的试验中,不论泡沫浓度处于3%或6%,在液体流量较大的情况下,该泡沫对标准柴油火的熄灭时间都在3秒之内.另外,泡沫溶液的铺展性和所形成的泡沫的灭火性能的试验结果表明水成膜泡沫的灭火速率主要是由其在燃料表面形成水膜的速率决定,而形成水膜的速率主要是由泡沫溶液的铺展速率、即铺展性决定的.     

SDBS与CaCl_2复配液对煤体瓦斯解吸抑制效应研究

为研究表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与CaCl_2复配液对煤体瓦斯解吸的抑制效应,选用新疆硫磺沟4—5号煤层煤样,采用HCA高压吸附解吸装置,测定干燥煤样、纯水、质量浓度2.5×10~(-2)g/m LSDBS及SDBS与CaCl_2复配液浸泡后煤样瓦斯解吸参数。研究表明:SDBS与CaCl_2复配液有效降低纯水的表面张力、煤样接触角,当质量浓度为2.5×10~(-2)g/m L的SDBS溶液与质量浓度为2.5×10~(-2)g/m L的CaCl_2溶液体积比为1∶3时,溶液表面张力降低至24.22 m N/m,煤样接触角降低至15.175°;随解吸时间增加,煤体瓦斯解吸量呈Langmuir关系逐渐增大后趋于稳定,瓦斯解吸速率迅速减小,当CaCl_2质量浓度为1.875×10~(-2)g/m L时,最大瓦斯解吸量为0.24 m L/g,最大解吸速率为0.8×10~(-2)m L/(g·s),对瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率的抑制效率最高。     

增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂制备及性能表征

针对变电站场景火灾特点,使用多种表面活性剂复配,形成1种增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂.对产品的表面张力、泡沫性能、体系粘度、流变性能和灭火性能进行了表征,结果表明:增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂经3％比例稀释后,泡沫溶液粘度增加且呈现剪切变稀的流变行为;增粘型水成膜泡沫灭火剂具有发泡倍率高、泡沫稳定性好的特点,能够快速熄灭B类火灾.     

磁化与活性剂协同改善水湿润性能的作用机制

为进一步提高磁化与表面活性剂协同改善水湿润性能的能力，基于红外光谱、表面张力、接触角、粉尘沉降时间及降尘效率等试验，研究磁化与活性剂协同改善水湿润性能的作用机制，并经西铭矿48712综采面现场应用验证两者间协同降尘性能。结果表明：磁化对水湿润性能的改变主要通过破坏水分子间氢键结构，使得大分子团簇结构变为小分子集团来增加溶液降尘性能；活性剂通过所具有的亲水基及亲油基在溶液表面形成隔离层降低水溶液表面张力，同时，磁化还能通过改变活性剂在溶液表面的吸附方式，进一步增强活性剂溶液湿润性能及降低活性剂使用量，在磁化作用下，阴-非离子复配活性剂C临界胶束浓度比原有未磁化溶液降低25%。经现场应用，磁化与表面活性剂协同增效明显优于单一活性剂溶液。     

正压式泡沫灭火技术的研究进展

为使正压式泡沫灭火技术运用和推广更广泛,综述正压泡沫灭火技术的研究现状。首先总结正压式泡沫灭火技术的应用优势和几种气液混合室的优缺点;其次归纳气液混合室里的扰流器类型和气源供给方式;最后概述与评价正压式泡沫的灭火性能和管内流动特性方面的主要研究。结果表明:气液两相在同轴混合室和锥形扰流器中混合最充分;液氮气源供给方式的发泡能力最强,吸气式气源供给方式发泡能力最弱;国内外对泡沫灭火性能的研究主要集中于灭火类别和泡沫剂种类,对于管内泡沫流动特性研究集中于泡沫流变性和泡沫在管内的阻力损失2方面。     

煤巷综掘面喷雾用化学降尘剂的试验研究与应用

为了改善现有喷雾降尘技术的防尘效果,提高喷雾沉降粉尘的能力,针对焦煤更难与清水结合沉降的问题,以脂肪醇硫酸钠盐(SDS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)、十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(1227)、椰油酰氨基丙基甜菜碱(CAB-35)为原料,以三交河煤矿焦煤为试验煤样,首先通过表面活性剂单体溶液的沉降试验,考虑多方面因素,确定复配溶液的质量分数为0.5%;再利用两两复配原则,对复配溶液的表面张力、成膜时间及抗蒸发性等性能进行了测定,并结合沉降试验,最终确定了AES与CAB-35两种试剂组成的高效喷雾用化学降尘剂,其表面张力为22.4 mN/m,成膜时间短,具有较好的保水性能。并进行了现场应用,与在喷雾系统中未添加该降尘剂相比,其平均降尘率提高了16%以上。     

湿润剂表面张力对硫化矿尘吸湿效果的影响

采用毛细管反向渗透实验装置,以湿润剂表面张力为衡量指标,通过分析3种硫化矿尘在十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）、十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)3种阴离子表面活性剂中的吸湿效果,比较得出3种表面活性剂湿润性能大小。利用ZISMA图得出表面活性剂在3种硫化矿表面铺展的临界表面张力值,并探究其值对湿润行为和湿润效果的影响。研究表明:3种阴离子活性剂的湿润性能SDBS＞SDS＞K12,湿润剂在3种硫化矿表面铺展的临界表面张力分别为27.3,26.6,26.0 mN/m,且吸湿增重和吸湿速度的峰值是受铺展润湿作用的影响。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。