聚结除油反应机理及其动力学分析

通过对几种聚结填料除油性能的对比试验,探讨分析了聚结除油反应机理及其动力学.结果表明,填料的空间构成形式对聚结除油效率有重要影响,当润湿聚结机理和碰撞聚结机理同时存在时,聚结效率可得到大幅度提高.当油珠颗粒尺寸超过10μm时,布朗运动聚结速率急剧减慢,而湍流的聚结速率急剧加快.聚结除油反应器内水力条件的紊动程度达到G≥500～700 s-1时,油珠颗粒的聚结速率和效率将得到大幅度提高.     

聚合物驱采出水油水乳状液稳定性的影响因素

通过测试现场聚合物驱采出水及室内配制的模拟聚合物驱采出水的油水分离及油珠聚结特性,研究了大庆油田聚合物驱采出水油水乳状液稳定性的影响因素,发现导致聚合物驱采出水比水驱采出水油水乳状液稳定性明显提高的主要原因为聚合物驱采出水中的胶态固体颗粒吸附到油珠表面上,阻止油珠之间的聚结并使油珠所受的浮力下降,水中残留的聚合物导致水相粘度增大.使油珠之间的碰撞几率及上浮速率下降.     

多孔介质过滤细颗粒

以活性炭为过滤介质,利用其多孔结构脱除细颗粒,实现低压降除尘工艺。研究活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观过滤风速等条件对多孔介质过滤细颗粒效果的影响,并通过表面光滑的不锈钢珠进行实验作对比,分析多孔介质过滤细颗粒的机理。结果表明:活性炭颗粒对细颗粒的过滤效率明显高于表面光滑的不锈钢珠。过滤效率随活性炭颗粒粒径和表观过滤风速的减小而增加,当粒径从1.5 mm降至0.45 mm时,平均过滤率从53.17%升至80.34%,当表观风速从26.54 cm·s~(-1)降到1.66 cm·s~(-1)时,平均过滤率从41.89%升至75.24%。过滤效率随滤层厚度的增加明显增加,当层厚从60 mm增加到140 mm时,过滤效率从47.62%增大到70.78%。不同实验条件下,过滤压降都没有随时间有明显变化,细颗粒没有在活性炭颗粒表层形成粉尘层。活性炭颗粒床主要是依靠细颗粒扩散、惯性碰撞和拦截效应沉积在活性炭多孔结构内,从而脱除细颗粒。     

流量对导叶式旋流管内油滴聚结破碎影响的数值模拟

为了深入研究旋流管分离机理,利用Fluent软件对导叶式旋流管进行了模拟研究,考察了流量对粒级效率和分离效率的影响,结合实验所得结果进一步研究了旋流管内油滴颗粒的运动行为。结果表明:(1)在视油滴为刚性球体的情况下,流量越大,粒级效率越大。模拟值与实验值之间的差异表明随着流量的增大,油滴的破碎作用加强,聚结作用减弱。(2)根据实测入口粒度分布进行的模拟经实验验证进一步证明了流量变化时聚结破碎作用之间的强弱关系。     

秸秆粉煤灰基颗粒填料生物膜特性的比较

为提高曝气生物滤池处理效率、研发新型具有结构和功能优势的颗粒填料,采用间歇式完全混合循环流态化反应器,探究了自制复合颗粒A、自制复合颗粒B、中劲陶粒及石英砂颗粒填料在4个水力停留时间下的挂膜性能、动力学参数及生物膜活性等生物膜特性,建立了生物膜微生物动力学参数实验测定的新方法。结果表明：当水力停留时间为8～12 h时,自制复合颗粒A、B挂膜性能优于石英砂和中劲陶粒,生物膜增殖速率分别为95.83、63.75 mg·(L·h)^-1(以COD去除率标准评价)和54.13、29.23 mg·(L·h)^-1(以氨氮降解率标准评价);装填复合颗粒A的完全混合循环流态化反应器氨氮降解效率最高,相应生物膜表观产率系数最低,剩余污泥量最少;当水力停留时间超过8 h后,复合颗粒附着生长生物膜的脱氢酶活性、表面蛋白质、多糖含量最高。由此可知,以自制复合颗粒A、B为颗粒填料能优化曝气生物滤池的处理效率。本研究结果可为新型生物滤池技术的发展提供参考。     

流化床结晶软化高硬度地下水及其晶体生长动力学

采用流化床结晶软化的方法对北京市城区某地下水进行软化处理,研究考察了软化药剂投加量、诱晶颗粒粒径、诱晶颗粒填料高度、入水流速、碳酸钙过饱和度等参数对水质硬度去除的影响。研究发现,当药剂投加量为220 mg·L~(-1)时,出水钙硬度去除率可达90%以上,总硬度去除率达到60%,出水总硬度可达300 mg·L~(-1)左右。使用石英砂颗粒作为诱晶材料,粒径为0.21~0.43 mm。当诱晶材料填料高度为40 cm,入水流速控制在40~70 m·h-1时,均可得到较好的出水水质。优化反应参数,可控制处理后的出水总硬度在300 mg·L~(-1)左右,即去除235 mg·L~(-1)的暂时硬度,煮沸的水不再浑浊,无水垢生成,并且出水pH可控制在8.5以下。此外,探究了多相流化过程中诱晶颗粒的线性增长速率以及床层增长速率与过饱和度、颗粒粒径、入水流速的关系,通过计算得到晶体线性增长速率相关表达式。     

聚结分离技术在含油污水处理中的应用研究进展

工业含油污水量大且面广,因其成分复杂,处理较困难.聚结分离技术因其独特的物理破乳优势,以及成本低廉、分离高效、环境友好备受重视,并应用于工业含油污水的处理中.梳理了聚结除油技术的发展历程,剖析了该技术的基本原理,在归纳聚结材料研究进展的基础上,总结了聚结分离器在典型工业含油污水领域的应用,并对该技术的应用研究和发展方向...     

不同填料载体生物膜对微囊藻毒素的去除效果

利用自行设计的生物膜培养装置,通过对4种不同填料载体进行连续曝气循环培养生物膜,对湖水中的溶解态微囊藻毒素(MCs)的去除作用进行了研究。结果表明,填料载体上生物膜从形成到稳定大约需要3周;生物膜形成后对MCs的去除效率由高到低的顺序是:颗粒活性炭柱>多密孔球型滤料柱>塑料悬浮填料柱>陶瓷滤球柱。在实验水质条件下,当水力停留时间(HRT)=5 h,进水MCs浓度为21.5～47.25μg/L时,颗粒活性炭、多密孔球型滤料柱对MCs的去除率最高可达100%,塑料悬浮填料柱对MC-LR和MC-RR的去除率分别为70%和88%。当HRT=2.5 h时,塑料悬浮填料柱对MC-RR的去除率为MC-LR的2倍。生物膜对MCs的降解效果随温度(5～20℃)和溶解氧的升高而增加。塑料悬浮填料作为合适的生物膜挂膜填料载体对水源水的生物预处理具有良好的应用前景。     

基于不同填料的海水养殖系统的水质净化

氨和亚硝酸盐是海水养殖系统的主要有毒物质,两者的高效去除是水产养殖领域的主要目标。为得到一种安全、高效、经济的海水养殖系统,建立了由3种不同填料构建的海水养殖系统,对在海水盐度与循环流水的胁迫下滴流滤器硝化功能的建立与运行状况进行了研究,并用高通量测序的方法对系统中具有硝化功能的种群结构进行分析。结果表明,在挂膜阶段,以3D益菌屋为填料的滤器硝化功能建立最快,陶瓷生物珠次之,中空培菌球最慢。不同填料对挂膜成熟后的滴流滤器的硝化速率有较大影响,对氨氮和亚硝氮去除效果由高到低的顺序是:3D益菌屋陶瓷生物珠中空培菌球。水力负荷对不同填料的影响不同,以3D益菌屋和中空培菌球为填料的滤器对氨氮去除效果随水力负荷增加而增强,在水力负荷为93.56 m~3·(m~3·h)~(-1)时效果最优,而以陶瓷生物珠为填料的滤器在水力负荷为46.78 m~3·(m~3·h)~(-1)时效果最优。滤器中共检测出以亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)、硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)为主体的7种具有硝化功能的菌群,3种滤器中硝化细菌占比差距较大,分别为7.73%、2.06%和1.46%,硝化速率与硝化细菌占比呈正相关。     

改性木屑对海上溢油的吸附

为提高吸油倍率降低吸水倍率,对天然松木屑进行了改性,得到了一种新的除油吸附剂。对该吸附剂的吸油吸水性能进行测定,并确定最佳条件。结果显示:改性木屑吸油效果提升显著,在纯原油中吸油倍率是天然松木屑的2.50倍;吸水倍率降低了80%;漂浮性能好;吸附2 min就能达到吸附平衡,吸附速率是原始松木屑和活性炭的15倍;粒径对改性木屑吸水吸油性能基本无影响;低温和中性条件有利于油的吸附。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.