湿地生态地球化学研究进展

湿地生态地球化学研究是湿地研究的核心内容之一, 是研究其物理过程、化学过程和生物过程及其相互关系以及这些过程与湿地功能的关系.回顾了近年来国内外湿地生态地球化学方面的研究成果,介绍了它的概念,并评述了湿地的生态功能、元素地球化学、生物地球化学、湿地模型和3S技术等新技术在湿地研究中的应用等方面的研究进展.提出了中国湿地生态地球化学研究的优先领域,应加强湿地基础理论研究及在湿地的演化、生态过程、界面过程、预测与评价、信息系统等方面的研究.     

基于空间决策支持系统的"数字生态"系统研究

融合决策支持系统(DSS)的多模型组合建模技术和地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析技术形成的空间决策支持系统(SDSS)为生态城市的建设带来了新的方法和技术支持,对生态城市建设的研究和实践具有重要的战略意义."数字生态"是综合应用卫星遥感、地理信息、全球定位、DSS、SDSS、宽带网络、多媒体及虚拟仿真等技术,以数据平台、应用平台为框架,为生态管理、设计、建设的静态、动态、分析、决策等提供服务的技术系统,它是生态的数字化再现.探讨了"数字生态"系统的总体框架结构和功能,数据库和应用系统的设计,以及结合系统的人机交互系统,从而实现对生态城市发展模式的辅助决策.     

刍议长三角地区的生态建设

长三角地区城市化和工业化带来区域经济迅猛发展的同时,也导致了长三角生态系统组分比例失调、结构缺损、功能丧失、环境容量萎缩等生态问题.湿地兼有自然"肾"、"肺"双功能.利用长三角地区湿地生态系统的独特性和内在优势,加强湿地生态建设、生态保护、生态恢复与生态重建,拓展环境容量,可保障该区域可持续发展的实现.从地质地貌、自然史发展、自然经济学和区域发展等角度探讨了长三角地区湿地的生态服务价值的现存价值和理论价值,分析讨论了长三角自然湿地、城市区湿地和农业区湿地的生态建设思路.     

上海市桃浦垃圾填埋场封场植被的重金属吸收和积累特征

城市垃圾填埋场的生态修复问题越来越受到重视,选择合适的封场植被对生态恢复至关重要。本研究对上海市桃浦垃圾填埋场的土壤和29种优势植物的重金属含量进行检测,结果显示,该填埋埋场土壤呈现Zn和Cd的中度复合污染。在研究的优势植物中,杨树、雪松和夹竹桃吸收Zn的能力较强,杨树、紫薇、金丝桃吸收Cd的能力较强。荆芥表现为重金属Zn的富集型植物;龙葵表现为重金属Cd的富集型植物;麦冬和狗尾巴草则表现为重金属的根部囤积型植物。可综合选择这些植物用于城市垃圾填埋场的植物修复和植被恢复。     

中国北方城市内河水资源综合利用与调配方案研究——以胶州市城市内河为例

内河是城市的重要组成部分,而伴随着快速城镇化进程,城市内河原有的水文、生态节律都受到很大的扰动。针对胶州市水资源量相对有限、水环境质量较差的现状,以河道生态需水量理论为指导,以期通过实施科学的生态补水,逐步恢复城市内河的生态功能与城市景观功能。结果表明,胶州市城市内河以景观功能为主,经测算其生态需水量为36 486.9m3/d,而根据胶州市的相关发展规划,其污水处理厂中水回用能力为5万m3/d,可以满足生态补水工程的需求;根据生态补水工程实施后的污染物入河情况预测,实施生态补水后,胶州市城市内河水质基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ类标准,基本可消除水体黑臭等现象。     

生态城市研究

简要介绍了国内外生态城市的发展过程及现状。以生态学为理论基础，对生态城市的内涵、目标、主要特征、功能与结构从不同角度作了分析，并总结出城市发展的趋势。以生态城市指标体系的设置原则，构成要素、评价标准和度量方法为重点进行了详细阐述，提出了符合江苏地方特色的生态城市指标体系。在对生态城市定量分析的基础上，对两个市的生态城市现状进行了评价。     

植物修复及重金属在植物体内形态分析综述

植物修复是重金属污染土壤治理的重要方法,因其具有高效、经济及生态协调性等优势而广受关注。当前相关研究主要包括超积累植物体内重金属的迁移转化与形态分析方法,土壤修复后植物的减量化、无害化和资源化利用等方面。实验研究及修复工程中存在的问题主要体现为:(1)基础研究方面,目前对植物超积累重金属的分子机制、调控原理等方面的研究不够完善;(2)应用技术方面,修复植物的规模化种植、适用的栽培技术、收获物安全处置及资源化利用方面仍是植物修复技术发展的瓶颈。因此,目前需要深入研究超积累植物吸收、运输和积累重金属的生理机制,利于植物生长的农业措施以及用于修复的植物收获后的相应处理技术。同时,应结合重金属在植物体内的形态,对修复后的植物进行合理的减量化、无害化、资源化处理,以便于更加科学合理地选择土壤重金属修复植物,大规模推广植物修复技术的应用。     

浙江省生态功能区划研究

在浙江省生态环境现状调查的基础上,运用GIS等先进技术,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对浙江省生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态服务功能重要性进行评价,形成浙江省生态功能区划方案,将浙江省划分为6个生态区、15个生态亚区、47个生态功能区,并确定了具有重要生态系统服务功能的5个重要生态功能区域.区划成果为浙江生态省建设规划的实施、资源的合理利用和工农业生产合理布局提供了科学依据.     

水生植物生态修复重金属污染水体研究进展

综述了挺水植物、漂浮植物、浮叶植物、沉水植物等4种水生植物在生态修复重金属污染水体领域的进展,重点阐述了水生植物对重金属的蓄积效果以及生态修复的影响因素,总结了水生植物生态修复的适用范围和不足,并简要介绍了水体中的重金属通过水生植物进入食物网的生态过程,最后展望了提升水生植物蓄积重金属能力的研究方向。     

人工湿地在河道生态修复应用中的进展及优化

认为人工湿地是河道生态修复的优选工艺,据此介绍了人工湿地在河道生态修复中的应用进展,并从构型、工艺组合、基质和植物四个方面进行了优化研究,结果表明：I-VFCW是构建人工湿地的优选构型;人工湿地与氧化塘、砂滤、接触氧化、絮凝沉淀等工艺组合,能够降低湿地堵塞的危险,提高处理能力;钢渣是除磷的优选基质,沸石是脱氮的优选基质;芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉等是优选植物。     

Opportunities for Increasing Resilience and Sustainability of Urban Social–Ecological Systems: Insights from the URBES and the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook Projects

Urban futures that are more resilient and sustainable require an integrated social–ecological system approach to urban policymaking, planning, management, and governance. In this article, we introduce the Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (URBES) and the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook (CBO) Projects as new social–ecological contributions to research and practice on emerging urban resilience and ecosystem services. We provide an overview of the projects and present global urbanization trends and their effects on ecosystems and biodiversity, as a context for new knowledge generated in the URBES case-study cities, including Berlin, New York, Rotterdam, Barcelona, and Stockholm. The cities represent contrasting urbanization trends and examples of emerging science–policy linkages for improving urban landscapes for human health and well-being. In addition, we highlight 10 key messages of the global CBO assessment as a knowledge platform for urban leaders to incorporate state-of-the-art science on URBES into decision-making for sustainable and resilient urban development.     

Beyond ‘trees are good’: Disservices,management costs,and tradeoffs in urban forestry

The provision of ecosystem services is a prominent rationale for urban greening, and there is a prevailing mantra that ‘trees are good’. However, understanding how urban trees contribute to sustainability must also consider disservices. In this perspective article, we discuss recent research on ecosystem disservices of urban trees, including infrastructure conflicts, health and safety impacts, aesthetic issues, and environmentally detrimental consequences, as well as management costs related to ecological disturbances and risk management. We also discuss tradeoffs regarding species selection and local conservation concerns, as well as the central role of human perception in the interpretation of ecosystem services and disservices, particularly the uncritical assertion that ‘everybody loves trees’. Urban forestry decision-making that fails to account for disservices can have unintended negative consequences for communities. Further research is needed regarding life cycle assessments, stakeholder decision-making, return-on-investment, and framings of services and disservices in urban forestry.     

Ecosystem Services in Urban Landscapes: Practical Applications and Governance Implications

Urban landscapes are the everyday environment for the majority of the global population, and almost 80 % of the Europeans live in urban areas. The continuous growth in the number and size of urban areas along with an increasing demand on resources and energy poses great challenges for ensuring human welfare in cities while preventing an increasing loss of biodiversity. The understanding of how urban ecosystems function, provide goods and services for urban dwellers; and how they change and what allows and limits their performance can add to the understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever more human-dominated world. This Special Issue aims at bridging the knowledge gap among urbanization, demand creation, and provisioning of ecosystem services in urban regions on the one hand and schemes of urban governance and planning on the other.     

Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants

Urban shade trees offer significant benefits in reducing building air-conditioning demand and improving urban air quality by reducing smog. The savings associated with these benefits vary by climate region and can be up to $200 per tree. The cost of planting trees and maintaining them can vary from $10 to $500 per tree. Tree-planting programs can be designed to have lower costs so that they offer potential savings to communities that plant trees. Our calculations suggest that urban trees play a major role in sequestering CO2 and thereby delay global warming. We estimate that a tree planted in Los Angeles avoids the combustion of 18 kg of carbon annually, even though it sequesters only 4.5-11 kg (as it would if growing in a forest). In this sense, one shade tree in Los Angeles is equivalent to three to five forest trees. In a recent analysis for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City, we estimated that planting an average of four shade trees per house (each with a top view cross section of 50 m2) would lead to an annual reduction in carbon emissions from power plants of 16,000, 41,000, and 9000 t, respectively (the per-tree reduction in carbon emissions is about 10-11 kg per year). These reductions only account for the direct reduction in the net cooling- and heating-energy use of buildings. Once the impact of the community cooling is included, these savings are increased by at least 25%.     

Urbanisation and human health in China: spatial features and a systemic perspective

Background, aims and scope

Current studies have paid little attention to the dynamism in urban spatial expansion and its possible environmental and health effects or to the health effects of rapid urban environmental change at different points along the urbanisation gradient. This study adopts a public health ecology approach to systematically understand the relationship between urbanisation, urban environmental change and human health in China.

Method

Remote sensing image analysis, based on night light data at five different time periods in recent decades, was used to determine changes to the overall urban area. Through a review of the evidence on the relationships between environmental health, urbanisation and health, we advance a pathway framework for explaining urban human health ecology. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the correlation between disease prevalence and urbanisation level, adding a further dimension to a systemic understanding of urban health.

Results and conclusions

Urban areas have been increasing spatially, but unevenly, in recent decades, with medium and small cities also expanding rapidly in the past decade. Urbanisation and urban expansion result in changes to land use/coverage change, the urban environment and the residents?? lifestyle, which result in human health problems. Regions with the highest urbanisation level were more inclined to have a high prevalence of chronic disease in recent decades. An ecological public health approach provides insights into the multiple types of data which need to be routinely collected if human disease is not to become a barrier to social and economic development.     

城市轨道交通噪声的声源特性研究进展

分析了城市轨道交通噪声的主要类型、基本特性、传播规律及其影响因素;综述了国内外城市轨道交通噪声的预测及测量分析技术的研究成果,并对其进行了总结比较,阐述了各种方法的特点、主要成就和局限;最后探讨了城市轨道交通噪声领域今后的研究方向和发展趋势,为解决城市轨道交通发展中的噪声问题提供了参考.     

大型水生植物在水污染治理中的应用研究进展

大型水生植物在水污染治理中可以发挥多种作用。通过自身的生长代谢可以大量吸收氮、磷等水体中的营养物质 ,而其中一些种类还可以富集不同类型的重金属或吸收降解某些有机污染物 ;通过促进微生物的生长代谢 ,可以使水中大部分可生物降解有机物 (BOD)降解 ;通过抑制低等藻类的生长 ,控制富营养化的表现形式等。根据不同的生活型特点 ,利用大型水生植物进行污水处理和水体修复的方式也多种多样 ,主要包括 :以漂浮植物为主的塘系统和以挺水植物为主的人工湿地系统等。本文从生态功能发挥的角度探讨了植物对污染物降解的机理 ,并对以大型水生植物为核心的各种污水处理系统的研究进展与现状进行了综述 ,指出了利用大型水生植物进行水污染治理的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向     

Tradescantia micronucleus test indicates genotoxic potential of traffic emissions in European cities

Urban atmospheres contain complex mixtures of air pollutants including mutagenic and carcinogenic substances such as benzene, diesel soot, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the frame of a European network for the assessment of air quality by the use of bioindicator plants, the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) test was applied to examine the genotoxicity of urban air pollution. Cuttings of Tradescantia clone #4430 were exposed to ambient air at 65 monitoring sites in 10 conurbations employing a standardised methodology. The tests revealed an elevated genotoxic potential mainly at those urban sites which were exposed to severe car traffic emissions. This bioassay proved to be a suitable tool to detect local 'hot spots' of mutagenic air pollution in urban areas. For its use in routine monitoring programmes, however, further standardisation of cultivation and exposure techniques is recommended in order to reduce the variability of results due to varying environmental conditions.     

Lead and cadmium in indoor air and the urban environment

The present study was conducted to find potential terrestrial biomonitors for heavy metals in indoor air in an urban environment. TSP, PM(10), and PM(2.5) were collected in three retirement facilities in the urban area of Vienna. In addition, particulate matter and soil, vegetation, and isopods (Porcellio scaber L.) were collected in the adjacent garden areas. Aerosols were sampled with a low-volume air sampler. The sampled materials were wet ashed and total lead and cadmium contents were determined. Water-soluble heavy metal concentrations were measured in aqueous extracts from air exposed filters, soil, and vegetation. Lead and cadmium were analyzed by graphite furnace AAS. Lead contents in the vegetation were inferred from water-soluble lead in soils. Lead in isopods generally reflected the contents in vegetation. Cadmium in plants probably derived from soil solutions as well as from atmospheric input. Isopods reflected the total cadmium contents in soils. Particulate matter was dominated by PM(2.5), both with respect to mass concentrations and to heavy metal contents. The indoor aerosol was found to be influenced by human activity, indoor sources, and outdoor particles. Relationships between indoor airborne heavy metals and the contents in vegetation (lead and cadmium: positive) and isopods (lead: negative) were identified to have the potential for biomonitoring indoor air quality.     

Prospects for cultivating white mulberry (Morus alba) in the drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Restoration of vegetation is the most viable management approach for restoring ecological functions in the drawdown zone (hydro-fluctuation belt) of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The selection of plants for this purpose is therefore critically important. Most indigenous plants are not adapted, however, to the counter-seasonal fluctuation of water levels and rapid changes of up to 30 m in water depth that characterize the management of the reservoir. As a result, the reservoir drawdown zone tends to be vegetation deficient. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) has attracted attention as a suitable woody plant for restoring woody vegetation because of its strong adaptation to environmental stresses and the finding that it survives up to 7 m of flooding in parts of the drawdown zone. Comprehensive evaluation of research is therefore required in order to provide guidance for the rational use of mulberry in vegetation restoration strategies for the drawdown zone. Knowledge of the physiology of mulberry adaptation to stress is reviewed here, along with a detailed review of the ecology and agricultural benefits and limitations of mulberry in the context of the Three Gorges Reservoir. It is proposed that a cultivation model for mulberry plants based on ecological principles should be adopted for use within the drawdown zone and that a wider range of biophysical and socio-economic research to develop this model further should be conducted in the future.