微电解-催化氧化-吸附法处理二硝基苯废水

二硝基苯生产废水具有硝基苯类化合物浓度高,盐量高,难降解等特点.CODCr的平均质量浓度为10 g/L,含盐量达30 g/L.采用微电解-催化氧化-吸附法对该废水进行处理.结果表明:经微电解处理后硝基苯类物质的去除率可达90%以上,铁碳还原后的废水再经催化氧化和活性炭吸附后,废水的CODCr去除率达到96%,硝基苯类物质、色度的去除率接近100%,出水可达到<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)规定的三级排放标准,是一种效果良好的二硝基苯类废水的处理方法.     

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)处理硝基苯废水试验研究

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)是一种将生物方法与电化学相结合的新型废水处理技术,使用UBER降解硝基芳香烃类化合物,不但处理周期短、效率高,而且成本低,占地面积小。通过UBER处理含硝基苯模拟废水,对生物催化电解技术的原理进行讨论,并探索最佳反应条件,为该项技术处理实际废水提供理论依据。考察了进水浓度对硝基苯去除率的影响,同时对阴极催化硝基苯定向还原为苯胺进行探讨,最后分别从外加电压、进水乙酸盐质量浓度及进水p H值3个方面,对UBER还原硝基苯的关键影响因素进行最优试验条件分析。结果表明,UBER可以高效处理硝基苯废水,当硝基苯进水质量浓度为200 mg/L时,去除率可以达到97. 2%,但随进水质量浓度进一步提高至220 mg/L,硝基苯的去除效果不佳,去除率仅为79. 13%。当进水硝基苯质量浓度较低时,苯胺生成率较高,平均值达到91%,随硝基苯进水质量浓度提高,引起阴极电势波动,使得还原反应按照多种途径发生,硝基苯不仅被定向还原为苯胺,还被还原成其他副产物,同时,微生物也可以将部分生成的苯胺进一步氧化利用,造成出水苯胺含量偏低。最优条件试验表明,外加电压在0. 3～0. 5 V,硝基苯的去除率均达到93%以上,此时阳极微生物具有良好的电化学活性,当电压降到0. 2 V时,硝基苯去除率仅为36%,表明外加电压过低会严重影响反应器的稳定运行;将乙酸钠质量浓度从1 000 mg/L逐渐减小,质量浓度降低至700 mg/L时,阳极电位依然保持在-440 m V vs. SCE左右,UBER系统运行稳定,当乙酸钠质量浓度进一步降低,阳极微生物电化学活性逐渐受到抑制;UBER中微生物最佳生长p H值为6～7,当p H值超出这一范围,会影响微生物生长代谢,进而影响硝基苯的去除效果。     

铁炭微电解法深度处理制浆造纸废水的研究

采用铁炭微电解法对制浆造纸工业中生化处理后的废水进行深度处理研究,考察了废水的初始pH值、反应时间、铸铁屑、活性炭以及H2O2投加量对微电解反应效果的影响.得出的最佳反应条件为:溶液初始pH值为3.0、活性炭投加量8.0 g/L、铸铁屑40.0 g/L、H2O2 7.17 mmol/L以及反应时间60 min.适量H2O2的加入对铁炭微电解反应有明显的强化作用,可使CODcr的去除率增加13.71%.强化微电解反应后再采用8.0 g/L的Ca(OH)2混凝处理,总CODcr和色度去除率分别达到75%和95%.以强化的铁炭微电解与Ca(OH)2混凝联用深度处理后,水质可以达到国家造纸工业水污染物排放一级标准(GB 3544-2001).     

氧化-絮凝深度处理焦化废水的研究

采用氧化-絮凝工艺对焦化废水二沉池出水进行深度处理,选择针对焦化废水研发的M180作为絮凝剂,NaQO作为氧化剂,考察了药剂投加量和废水pH值对处理效果的影响,得出最佳处理条件为:氧化时废水pH为4,氧化剂NaClO的投加量为0.9g/L;絮凝时pH为7,絮凝剂M180的投加量为0.05 g/L.处理后出水COD由160.8 mg/L降至56.9 mg/L,色度为20倍,浊度为0.5 NTU,满足《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB13456-1992)一级排放标准.     

微电解处理垃圾渗沥液的试验研究

根据微电解的特点,采用微电解技术对垃圾渗沥液经生化处理后出水进行深度处理.微电解处理的效果随着进水pH值的升高越来越差.对微电解出水经中和、过滤后的CODCr浓度进行了分析,结果表明微电解产生的Fe(OH)3絮状物通过吸附捕集作用效果明显.出水投加1～2g/L粉末活性炭,CODCr排放浓度可以达到GB16889-1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》二级排放标准.     

UASB+A/O处理甜菜制糖废水工程实例

介绍采用UASB+ A/O工艺处理甜菜制糖废水的工程实例.实际运行结果表明,系统运行稳定,处理出水COD≤81 mg/L,BOD≤13 mg/L,SS≤41 mg/L,NH3-N≤7.5 mg/L,处理出水达到《制糖工业水污染物排放标准》(GB2190-2008).工程运行费用低,环境效益和社会效益明显.     

混凝沉淀-微电解-催化氧化法处理促进剂M生产废水

采用"混凝沉淀-微电解-催化氧化"法对橡胶促进剂M的生产废水进行处理.当原水COD约为5 g/L时, COD去除率可达96%以上,并得到最佳操作条件为:混凝工段PAM的投加量为1%,混凝时间为0.5 h;微电解工段铁炭质量比m(Fe):m(C)=30:1,pH值2-3,微电解时间3 h;催化氧化工段H2O2(30%)投加量为2%,反应时间为2 h.废水中绝大多数的苯胺、促进剂M等有机污染物和毒性较高的还原性硫化物均实现了高效去除,废水中TOC(总有机碳)、COD浓度显著下降.     

超声波对微电解处理硝基苯的协同效应研究

以硝基苯为目标污染物,考察超声波对微电解技术的协同效应.结果表明,无机械搅拌条件下,硝基苯溶液初始质量浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、超声波功率密度为200 W·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为3.0时,超声波/微电解协同体系降解效果显著高于超声波与微电解单独作用之和,降解过程超声波和微电解间存在显著协同效应,比较3者的降解速率常数可知超声波与微电解间的协同因子达4.875.研究表明,超声波能有效防止铁屑表面钝化和板结现象,超声波促进微电解体系中·OH生成是超声波对微电解降解硝基苯产生明显协同效应的主要原因.     

铝材加工废水的处理

铝材加工废水是含有乳化油较难处理的有机废水,废水中有机物和悬浮物浓度较高,可生化性较差.采用内电解反应-混凝气浮-复合好氧生物组合工艺处理该废水,运行结果表明,该组合工艺运行稳定,COD、BOD、SS、油类物质去除率达98％、95％、97％和99％,出水水质COD、BOD、SS、油类物质的平均质量浓度分别为50,15,40和5 mg/L,水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准.该系统出水经过滤深度处理后,达到回用标准.     

基于水质矩阵的石油压裂废水处理性评价

结合石油川裂废水水质特征与评价指标及其污染物范围因子,建立了石油压裂废水的水质评价矩陈,表明石油压裂废水中的COD和黏度是影响其处理的主要污染因子.以混凝为预处理工艺,分别采用臭氧催化氧化,吸附和Fe/C微电解等对压裂废水进行处理.结果表明,混凝预处理工艺可以有效去除水中的钍浮性染物和石油类物质,臭氧催化氧化和Fe/C微电解工艺不仅能有效去除水中的有机污染物,且能降低压裂废水的黏度.以国家污水综合排放标准和污水反应处理时间为约束条件,建立了石油压裂废水处理性评价矩陈,指出压袋废水可采用的基本工艺为混凝、臭氧催化氧化组合处理工艺.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。