天津市环境监测中心大气监测部

正大气监测部是天津市环境监测中心骨干业务部门之一,业务范围涉及环境空气质量监测与评价;环境空气常规监测;环境空气自动监测系统运行维护管理;空气质量日报、预报与预警发布;计算机网络安全管理与维护;环境监测信息系统规划与管     

广州城区近地面层不同高度空气质量评价

为了阐明大城市中心城区不同高度的空气质量差异及其成因,为大气污染防治工作提供科学支撑,该研究基于广州塔大气污染物垂直梯度观测平台的监测数据,采用环境空气质量综合指数和环境空气质量指数(AQI),分别对广州城区近地面层不同高度的空气质量进行评价。结果表明,2015年广州塔4个高度(地面、118 m、168 m和488 m)的空气质量综合指数分别为4.96、5.01、4.83和3.64,AQI超标率分别为27%、30%、25%和40%。总体上,中、低层(168 m以下)的空气质量差异较小,其中118 m点位的综合指数和AQI超标率相对较高;高层(488 m)因O_3污染尤其显著导致其AQI超标率为各高度最高,但O_3质量浓度上升的贡献被其他污染物质量浓度的大幅下降所抵消,故其综合指数反而最低。随着高度增加,PM_(2.5)和NO_2超标程度下降,O_3超标程度上升,导致高层的PM_(2.5)和NO_2几乎不超标,而O_3超标率达40%且其超标天数占AQI超标天数的比例高达99%。随着污染级别上升,PM_(2.5)和NO_2成为首要污染物的比例减少,O_3比例增加,O_3成为各高度AQI超标时最主要的首要污染物。当低层空气质量处于优或重度污染级别时,各层等级一致性相对较好;但在其他情况下,低层与高层的空气质量最多可相差3个级别。因PM_(2.5)和NO_2以低矮源排放贡献为主,而O_3来源于复杂的二次反应,使PM_(2.5)和NO_2质量浓度随高度上升而递减,而O_3质量浓度随高度上升而递增,最终形成了中、低层以PM_(2.5)、NO2和O_3复合污染为主、高层以O_3单一污染为主的空气质量垂直分布特征。     

环境空气质量评价的普适指数公式及其应用

在适当设定空气污染物的“基准”值和用相对于“基准”值的空气污染物的：“相对”值情况下,采用S型曲线表示空气污染物对环境空气质量的危害程序,并应用遗传算法优化公式中的参数,得出了一个对多种空气污染物通用的环境空气质量评价的普数指数公式,借助于折衷激励功效函数将单项污染物分指数加权为综合指数,该公式形式简单,容易计算,评价结果精度较高,且具有可比性。     

中国城市环境中空气负离子研究进展

空气负离子被誉为“空气维生素和生长素”,其浓度被列为衡量空气质量好坏的一个重要指标,对于城市空气质量的改善意义重大。综述了中国城市环境空气负离子研究方面的主要进展,对空气离子产生的机理机制、观测方法、时空特征、评价指标体系以及关键影响因子及其相互之间的关系等方面进行深入和系统的阐述。其中重点阐述了空气负离子与不同自然环境和建筑环境的关系。国内外主要研究结果表明,(1)不同环境场所下空气负离子浓度差别很大,呈现出由城市中心到郊区再到乡村逐渐增大的趋势。(2)空气负离子浓度的年变化和日变化均存在明显差异。(3)水体对空气负离子浓度影响较大,动态水的空气负离子浓度大于静态水,以瀑布为最大。同时离水体的距离越近,周边的空气负离子浓度越高。(4)空气负离子与风的关系最为密切,有风时空气负离子浓度高于无风时,且风速与空气中负离子浓度成正相关。其他因素如温湿度、天气状况、植物绿化、建筑材料以及建筑高度等都能影响空气负离子浓度的高低,从而影响城市环境的空气清新度,其中有研究者发现空气负离子能够降低空气中颗粒物的浓度,并与PM2.5的关系最大。这些研究为综合地指导和评价城市环境空气质量提供科学依据和设计思路。因此笔者结合中国城市化的进程,进一步提出了更多的想法：(1)在控制性详细规划的层面上,与城市设计和城市绿地系统等研究结合起来,开展周期性的空气负离子浓度实证研究。(2)尝试建立空气负离子浓度与城市住区通风关系的评估方法,为城市住区空气清新度与通风关系的评估做应用性基础研究。     

2011—2020年金华城市生态气候环境绿色宜居性评价研究

生态文明建设背景下,各级政府对城市绿色宜居水平关注度高,生态气候环境是影响城市宜居水平的重要因素。利用金华市2011—2020年的气象、生态、环境相关资料,运用多层次评价模型,从气象灾害、气候舒适度、生态环境和空气质量4大方面筛选出21项指标,构建城市生态气候环境绿色宜居综合评价体系,结合德尔菲方法,确定各指标权重,通过计算各项指标值和综合指数,对城市绿色宜居性进行定量分析评价。结果表明,2011—2020年10年间金华市全域在绿色宜居方面均达到“适宜”水平以上,适宜程度的空间分布与地形密切相关。从各指标看,气象灾害全域呈“中部少四周多”分布特征,气候舒适度全域呈“中部高四周低”分布特征,生态环境和空气质量呈“中部差四周好”分布特征。城市绿色宜居综合指数在一定程度上可以反映各城市的绿色宜居程度,通过定量分析与评价,可衡量各城市在生态、气候、环境因素等方面的优劣,为政府决策提供科学支撑。     

遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

城市声环境综合整治规划方法探讨

本文论述城市声环境综合整治规划方法和程序,即从城市声环境的质量评价分析,城市噪声污染趋势分析,结果城市总体规划原则,提出声环境规划目标,城市噪声综合整治规划的内容及实施规划的支持与保证。     

高速公路PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征及健康风险评估

以往的研究较多关注于城市环境空气PM_(2.5)的重金属污染特征和健康风险,而以交通源为主的相关分析较为匮乏。为探索高速公路环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征,评价高速公路工作人员健康风险,于2018年3-10月分4次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)服务区、收费站中环境空气的PM_(2.5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2.5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)质量浓度,分析其季节变化特征,并利用地累积指数法(Igeo)、美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对环境空气PM_(2.5)中6种重金属的污染特征及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明高速公路服务区和收费站环境空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的季节变化特征表现为春季秋季夏季,PM_(2.5)中不同重金属元素质量浓度的季节变化表现出显著性差异。总体上,不同季节PM_(2.5)中重金属质量浓度表现为ZnPbCrCuNiCd,其中Cr的平均质量浓度为4.07×10~(-2)μg·m~(-3),远高于城市水平。地累积指数评价结果表明6种重金属均受到不同程度的交通源污染,其中Zn和Cd的污染程度分级为严重污染,而Cu、Cr和Ni在秋季表现出更为严重的污染程度。健康风险评价结果表明,高速公路收费站和服务区环境空气的PM_(2.5)中重金属不存在非致癌风险,而致癌风险评价中,PM_(2.5)中Cr的致癌风险评价值超过阈值10~(-4),具有致癌风险,Ni的致癌风险评价超过10-5,具有潜在致癌风险。环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属的污染特征及致癌风险均表现为秋季高于春季和夏季,交通源引起的大气Cr和Ni污染应受到重视。     

城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价

文章将模糊聚类与层次分析相结合,提出了城市环境质量多级模糊综合评价法,并将该方法应用于宣州市环境质量综合评价,结果表明,该方法克服了综合指数法受人为因素影响大的缺点,较好地反映了环境质量分级界限的模糊性,并且较好地解决了权值分配问题,使评价结论更合理,可靠,是一种有价值的城市环境质量综合评价方法。     

天津市高架点源对城区空气质量影响分析

从典型高架点源到城市众多高架源的污染进行综合分析，阐述了高架点源的污染分布特征和对城市空气质量的影响，高架点源对天津市污染物排放贡献率为45％，但对城市空气质量影响为12％。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.