生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的研究进展

随着矿产开采、冶炼等工业活动以及污水灌溉、施用污泥和劣质化肥等农业活动的进行,Cd,Pb等有害重金属不断进入农业环境中,对农田、菜地等造成污染。生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂,在对Cd,Pb污染土壤的修复中表现出巨大的潜力。从生物炭的特性及制备、修复效果及其影响因素、修复机理等方面,对近年来国内外有关生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的研究成果和现状进行了总结,并对生物炭修复Cd,Pb污染土壤的发展前景和未来研究方向进行了展望。     

生物法处理印染废水的研究进展

介绍了生物法在印染废水处理中的应用,主要从印染废水的水质、新旧排放标准的对比、生物法的改进及强化(包括微生物研究、生物固定化技术的开发、工艺流程的改进)、生物法研究领域的新探索(包括生物法与其他处理方法的联用、产电微生物的应用)等方面分析和总结了生物法研究的现状和存在的问题,对未来生物法发展的方向进行了初步探讨,认为生物法的深度研究及生物法与其他方法的联用探索格外重要。     

生物柴油对柴油机排放和人类健康的影响

综述了近年来生物柴油作为柴油机燃料时污染物排放特征的研究结果,以及使用生物柴油对环境和人类健康影响的研究.介绍了对生物柴油常规污染物和非常规污染物的重要研究成果,还介绍了目前关于生物柴油排放污染物的细胞毒性、致突变性的研究成果.     

环境中微塑料的污染现状及潜在生物效应研究进展

微塑料（MPS）作为一类新兴污染物广泛分布于全球环境介质中,近年来引起了人们的关注。介绍了微塑料的来源、分类,以及其在我国河流、湖泊、海洋、土壤、大气等环境介质中的赋存现状和分布特征研究进展。此外,微塑料因其粒径小、比表面积大、难降解、具有生物富集效应及可能缓慢释放有毒单体化合物等性质而具有潜在的环境危害,可经呼吸道、消化道及皮肤进入生物体内并累积在组织器官中,产生毒性反应,对生命体健康造成威胁,其潜在环境效应已成为国内外研究的热点对象之一。梳理了微塑料对动植物和微生物产生的潜在生态毒性效应和环境危害,提出加强微塑料污染的应对措施和建议,旨在提高人们对环境微塑料污染危害的认识。     

环境微塑料的生物危害及其技术防治策略

微塑料在环境中广泛存在,由于其数量大、组成复杂、不易降解、比表面积高和表面官能团丰富,可与环境中其他污染物相互作用,对生态环境和人体健康等造成较大的危害风险。总结了微塑料的环境污染及生物危害,分析了微塑料的生物毒理机制,提出了解决微塑料污染问题的技术策略。为微塑料的生态环境污染防治提供技术指导。     

稻草秸秆生物炭对土壤中重金属Cd和Pb的固化稳定化机制

以500℃下制备的稻草秸秆生物炭为土壤修复剂,通过60 d的培养实验研究了Cd-Pb复合污染土壤的固化稳定化修复过程,并运用元素分析、FTIR等方法对生物炭的基本性质进行了表征.表征结果显示,稻草秸秆生物炭呈碱性,比表面积较大,拥有较好的芳香性,不易在环境中降解.实验结果表明,施加稻草秸秆生物炭后,污染土壤中的Cd有效...     

生物膜法处理挥发性有机化合物技术

综述了生物法有机废气处理技术的国内外研究现状,介绍了生物膜法处理VICs的装置及工艺流程。重点讨论了生物滤池和生物滴滤池在设计和运行中存在的问题及填料、生物量、湿度、pH和营养物质等主要影响因素。     

室内环境中的甲醛检测与治理技术研究

甲醛作为室内空气环境中的主要污染物之一,越发受到人们的关注。由于甲醛可以引起多种人体疾病,因此对于研究其检测和治理方法有着重大意义。主要围绕室内空气中甲醛的检测和治理方法作了简要探讨,简要介绍了气相色谱法、液相色谱法、电化学传感器检测技术以及分光光度法在甲醛检测中的应用,并阐述了各自的优缺点,以及对预防和治理室内甲醛污染提出了相关建议,包括各类吸附剂、催化氧化技术及生物防治措施等,为后续研究提供参考。     

极端酶的稳定性及其在废水处理中的应用

极端酶能在各种极端环境中起生物催化作用。根据极端酶所耐受的环境条件不同,可分为嗜热酶、嗜冷酶、嗜酸酶、嗜碱酶、嗜压酶、嗜盐酶及耐有机溶剂酶等,介绍了嗜热酶、嗜碱酶、嗜盐酶、耐有机溶剂酶的稳定性机理和研究现状及其在废水处理中的应用情况。     

土壤-植物系统重金属形态分析和生物有效性研究进展

介绍了土壤-植物系统中重金属连续提取的形态分析方法研究进展,同时归纳了影响重金属生物有效性的主要因素,如土壤性质、复合污染及根际环境等,并指出了需要解决的问题与今后的发展方向。     

Modeling Biodegradation of Nonylphenol

Nonylphenol is the primary breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, a certain class of nonionic surfactants. Nonylphenol has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms and has been suspected of being harmful to humans due to its xenoestrogenic properties. Although there are known releases of nonylphenol to the environment, there is a lack of data describing the extent of biodegradation. This study thus focuses on much needed information on the biodegradation kinetics of nonylphenol. Oxygen uptake, cell growth and nonylphenol removal data were collected using batch reactors in an electrolytic respirometer. Nonylphenol removal, cell growth and substrate removal rates were modeled by the Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Webb, and Yano equations. The differential equations were solved by numerical integration to simulate cell growth, substrate removal, and oxygen uptake as a function of time. All models provided similar results with the Haldane model providing the best fit. The values of the kinetic parameters and the activation energy for nonylphenol were determined. These values can be used for predicting fate and transport of nonylphenol in the environment. The validity of applying each model to the biodegradation of nonylphenol was analyzed by computing the R ² values of each equation.     

Degradation and environmental risk of surfactants after the application of compost sludge to the soil

In this work, the degradation of anionic and non-ionic surfactants in agricultural soil amended with sewage sludge is reported. The compounds analysed were: linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) with a 10-13 carbon alkylic chain, and nonylphenolic compounds (NPE), including nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates with one and two ethoxy groups (NP1EO and NP2EO). The degradation studies were carried out under winter (12.7°C) and summer (22.4°C) conditions in Andalusia region. The concentration of LAS was reduced to 2% of the initial concentration 100 day after sludge-application to the soil. The half-life time measured for LAS homologues were ranged between 4 and 14days at 12.7°C and between 4 and 7 days at 22.4°C. With regard to NPE compounds, after 8 and 4days from the beginning of the experiment at 12.7 and 22.4°C, respectively, their concentration levels were increased to 6.5 and 13.5mg/kgdm (dry matter) as consequence of the degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates. These concentration levels were reduced to 5% after 63 and 70 days for 12.7°C and 22.4°C, respectively. The half-life times measured for NPEs were from 8 to 16 days at 12.7°C and from 8 to 18 days at 22.4°C. Environmental risk assessment revealed that for LAS homologues no environment risk could be expected after 7 and 8 days of sludge application to the soil for 22.4 and 12.7°C, respectively; however, potential toxic effects could be observed for the nonylphenolic compounds during the first 56 days after sludge application to the soil.     

The production, use and quality of sewage sludge in Denmark

In Denmark, the production of municipal sewage sludge decreased from approximately 170,000 ton d.m. in 1994 to 140,000 ton d.m. in 2002. The sludge is handled and treated in a number of ways. The quality of Danish sludge has steadily improved since the middle of the 1980s, when the first set of quality criteria for heavy metals was introduced. In 1997, cut-off criteria for the organic pollutants, LAS, DEHP, nonylphenol and PAHs were introduced. Effective control from authorities, voluntary phasing out agreements with industry, improved source identification tools, better handling and after-care methods have in combination with higher waste duties led to a significant reduction in the sludge level of especially cadmium, mercury, chromium, LAS and nonylphenol. The increased quality demand has, nevertheless, also led to a minor reduction in the use of sewage sludge as organic fertiliser on agricultural land.     

Sequential solid phase extraction protocol followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry for the trace determination of non ionic polyethoxylated surfactants in tannery wastewaters

Automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 and styrene–divinylbenzene cartridges in series was used for the preconcentration of non ionic polyethoxylated surfactants in tannery wastewater. Fractionated extracts were analyzed by LC–MS using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCl) in the Positive and Negative Ion modes. Recoveries for nonionic surfactants were approximately of 72, 90 and 80% for polyethylene glycols, nonylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates in the polar, aromatic and medium polarity fractions, respectively. Data acquisition in the selected ion monitoring mode afforded limits of quantification from 0.1 to 0.8 μg/l for tridecylic polyethoxylated alcohol and polyethoxylated glycol, respectively, in the complex tannery wastewaters. The tannery effluents investigated contained between 0.03 to 3.0 mg/l of polyethylene glycol and nonylphenol polyethoxylate, respectively. ©     

Limitation of the concentration of organic pollutants in sewage sludge for agricultural purposes: A case study in South Spain

In 2000, the EU published the third draft of a future sludge directive entitled “Working document on sludge” where limit values for some organic compounds, including di-(2-ethyhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), sum of nonylphenol (NP), nonyphenol mono-(NP1EO) and diethoxylates (NP2EO), seven polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS), are fixed. In the present work, the monitoring of these organic compounds in sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is reported. All WWTPs use anaerobic biological stabilization of sludge. The highest concentration levels were found for LAS, NPE and DEHP, in this order, with, in general, anaerobically-digested dehydrated sludge and compost samples being the most contaminated samples. DEHP, NPE, LAS and PAH were found at concentration levels above the limit values fixed in the third draft of the future EU sludge directive in the 44%, 88%, 13% and 6% of the analyzed anaerobically-digested dehydrated sludge and compost samples.     

浅议我国环境保护产业政策

从狭义和广义两方面介绍了环境保护产业的概念,综述了我国与环境保护产业相关的法律、法规、方针以及符合我国国情的环境保护产业的政策体系,分析了环境保护产业存在的问题,提出了我国环境保护产业发展的建议。     

电源项目环境管理和企业环保职责

针对当前国家环保法规、制度的执行力度加大和电源项目环境管理要求日益提高的现状,分析了企业所担负的环保职责,探讨了强化项目前期、基建、生产中环保全过程管理的思路.     

化工建设项目环境影响评价中的热点问题

分析了化工建设项目环境影响评价工作中的热点问题。指出化工生产的环境风险是可控的;环评报告书中应将环境风险的预防作为风险评价的重点,同时要积极推进责任关怀,将企业每年度外排的各种污染物的数量及削减量如实公布,让公众了解企业在预防污染方面的进步和尚存的问题。提出了精简环评报告书的途径：编写环评报告书简化本;突出环评报告书的重点,将污染预防和治理措施作为环评报告书最重要的章节之一;评价环境影响预测的准确性等。     

建设项目竣工环保验收中公众参与的探讨

建设项目竣工环境保护验收是我国环境保护管理的重要手段。阐述了建设项目竣工环境保护验收中公众参与的法律和制度基础,竣工环保验收中公众参与不仅能维护公众的环境权益,为竣工环保验收“三同时”制度的执行提供可靠依据,还可以推动环保行政主管部门决策的民主化、科学化。研究了竣工环保验收中公众意见调查的现状及存在的问题,提出加强和规范建设项目竣工环保验收公众参与的建议。     

Environmental Assessments in the Oil and Gas Industry

The general public, government regulators, and environmental organizations are increasingly demanding industries to reduce their environmental impacts and report progress. This in turn resulted in numerous requirements for reporting environmental data. Environmental assessments are a useful tool in gathering and documenting this data. The assessments also assist decision makers to quantify impacts of their activities and plan for appropriate mitigation measures. There are different types of environmental assessments, each having specific purpose(s) and addressing specific audience(s). This paper gives an overview of common environmental concerns associated with oil and gas industry and shares insights on types of environmental assessments that are widely used. It discusses general methodologies to define the scope, approach, measurement standards, and reporting. Potential challenges encountered in conducting these assessments in an international arena and under a wide variety of regulatory requirements are addressed. Practical approach in execution of these assessments is described here, and strategy in dealing with the challenges is presented.