Aquatic fate assessment of the polycyclic musk fragrance HHCB. Scenario and variability analysis in accordance with the EU risk assessment guidelines

By means of the environmental fate and distribution models laid down in the Technical Guidance Documents (TGD) and implemented in the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) environmental concentrations of the polycyclic musk fragrance HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta-[g]-2- benzopyrane; trade name: e.g. Galaxolide) were calculated for the aquatic environment under consideration of various scenarios. The results were then compared to monitoring data from the region of North Rhine-Westphalia (River Ruhr). An uncertainty analysis was carried out to determine sensitive parameters, to integrate environmental variability and to confirm the model's calculations. The standard scenario of EUSES overestimates the measured concentrations, which confirms the conservative nature of the calculations. The regional-specific scenarios lead to lower deviations from the measured values than the standard scenario. Deviations range from one to two orders of magnitude in the effluent of sewage treatment plants; they amount to one order of magnitude for surface water concentrations on a local scale and conform to monitoring data on a regional scale. The use of measured bioconcentration factors for fish instead of estimated ones reduces deviations remarkably. The investigation reveals that unrealistic worst-case calculations of HHCB can at best be ameliorated by the application of more realistic emission rates and measured bioconcentration factors. The use of regional-specific parameters also diminishes the deviations of the calculations from the measured concentrations.     

Occurrences and potential risks of 16 fragrances in five German sewage treatment plants and their receiving waters

Fragrances are used in a wide array of everyday products and enter the aquatic environment via wastewater. While several musk compounds have been studied in detail, little is known about the occurrence and fate of other fragrances. We selected 16 fragrance compounds and scrutinized their presence in Bavarian sewage treatment plants (STP) influents and effluents and discussed their ecological risks for the receiving surface waters. Moreover, we followed their concentrations along the path in one STP by corresponding time-related water sampling and derived the respective elimination rates in the purification process. Six fragrance substances (OTNE, HHCB, lilial, acetyl cedrene, menthol, and, in some grab samples, also methyl-dihydrojasmonate) could be detected in the effluents of the investigated sewage treatment plants. The other fragrances under scrutiny were only found in the inflow and were eliminated in the purification process. Only OTNE and HHCB were found in the receiving surface waters of the STP in congruent concentrations, which exceeded the preliminary derived environmental thresholds by a factor of 1.15 and 1.12, respectively, indicating potential risks. OTNE was also detected in similar concentration ranges as HHCB in muscles and livers of fish from surface waters and from ponds that are supplied with purified wastewater. The findings show that some fragrance compounds undergo high elimination rates, whereas others—not only musks—are present in receiving surface water and biota and may present a risk to local aquatic biota. Hence, our results suggest that the fate and potential effects of fragrance compounds in the aquatic environment deserve more attention.     

Source identification of PCDD/Fs in a sewage treatment plant of a German village

The PCDD/F levels in the sewage sludge of a village in North-East Germany were substantially above the limit of 100 pg I-TEq/g for sludge applied to land. A study was initiated to identify the PCDD/F sources in the sewage of this treatment plant. It was found that the PCDD/F contamination entered the plant through the faecal inlet, where the content of faecal storage tanks was emptied into the treatment plant. The isomeric patterns of the higher chlorinated homologues were similar to that of PCP, while incineration showed some influence on the lower chlorinated homologues. Cluster analysis revealed a profile similar to that of PCP.     

The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmetic plant

Polycyclic musks [cashmeran (DPMI), celestolide (ADBI), phantolide (AHMI), traseolide (ATII), tonalide (AHTN) and galaxolide (HHCB)] in the air, wastewater, sludge samples of a typical cosmetic plant were analyzed. DPMI, ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were found in all samples, and ATII was not found in any sample. HHCB and AHTN were the major components in all samples. The polycyclic musk concentrations were very high in the air of the cosmetic plant, and polycyclic musks were mostly contained in the gas phase at the percentage of 86.35-97.70%. Average polycyclic musk concentrations in effluent were high, and ranged from 0.62 to 32.06 microgl-1. The removal efficiency during the active sludge wastewater treatment was also high, resulting from the adsorption of those compounds into the sludge. So the polycyclic musk concentrations were very high in the primary sludge and second sludge, and ranged from 1.78 to 92.45 mgkg-1 (dry), and from 2.87 to 65.67 mgkg-1 (dry), respectively. Results suggested that the sludge needed to be further treated to make polycyclic musks less influence to the environment.     

Environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in the Somes River before and after upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant Cluj-Napoca,Romania

Background, aim, and scope

Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of emerging contaminants, which has led to increasing concern about potential environmental risks. After excretion, substantial amounts of unchanged pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are discharged into domestic wastewaters. The absence of data on the environmental exposure in Eastern Europe is significant, since use patterns and volumes differ from country to country. In Romania, the majority of wastewater, from highly populated cities and industrial complex zones, is still discharged into surface waters without proper treatment or after inefficient treatment. In respect to this, it is important to determine the environmental occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and surface waters. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of selected PPCPs during the transport in the Somes River by mass flow analysis before and after upgrading a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Cluj-Napoca, which serves 350,000 inhabitants and is the largest plant discharging into the Somes River. The concentrations of PPCPs at Cluj-Napoca can be correlated with the high population and a high number of hospitals located in the catchment area leading to higher mass flows. The results of this study are expected to provide information, with respect to the Romanian conditions, for environmental scientists, WWTP operators, and legal authorities. The data should support the improvement of existing WWTPs and implementation of new ones where necessary and, therefore, minimize the input of contaminants into ambient waters.

Materials and methods

The PPCPs were selected on the basis of consumption at the regional scale, reported aquatic toxicity, and the suitability of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of the compounds at trace levels. The studied PPCPs, caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine (antiepileptic), pentoxifylline (anticoagulant), cyclophosphamide (cytostatic), ibuprofen (analgesic), and galaxolide (musk fragrance), were determined in samples of the Somes River. The analytes were enriched by solid-phase extraction and subsequently determined by GC/MS. Caffeine, pentoxifylline, and galaxolide were determined underivatized, whereas the acidic pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, and ibuprofen were determined after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide.

Results and discussion

The concentrations in the Somes River varied from below 10 ng/L up to 10 μg/L. A substantial decrease of the exposure in the Somes River could be observed due to the upgrade of the municipal WWTP in Cluj-Napoca. The loads in the river stretch between Cluj-Napoca and Dej (Somes Mic) varied strongly: caffeine (400–2,000 g/day), carbamazepine (78–213 g/day), galaxolide (140–684 g/day), ibuprofen (84–108 g/day). After the upgrade of the WWTP Cluj-Napoca, the concentrations in the Somes of caffeine, pentoxifylline, cyclophosphamide, galaxolide, and tonalide were significantly reduced (over 75%). One might be cautious comparing both studies because the relative efficiency of the WWTP’s removal of PPCP was not evaluated. However, the significantly lower concentrations of most compounds after the upgrade of the WWTP Cluj-Napoca allow one to infer that the technical measures at the source substantially reduced inputs of contaminants to the receiving river. Dej loads of the poorly biodegradable substance carbamazepine increased by a factor of 2–3 as a result of wastewater discharges into the river. The disproportionate increase in caffeine loads by a factor of 4 below Cluj-Napoca indicates inputs of untreated wastewater from the Somes Mare due to the discharge of untreated wastewater derived from Bistrita, Nasaud, and Beclean (115,000 inhabitants).

Conclusions

The relative contribution of treated and untreated wastewater in surface water might be assessed by measuring chemical markers. Recalcitrant pharmaceuticals like carbamazepine are suitable as chemical markers for estimating the relative contribution of wastewater in surface water. The easily degradable caffeine might be a good indicator for raw sewage and hardly treated wastewaters.

Recommendations and perspectives

Municipal WWTPs have the potential of a significant contribution in reducing the load of contaminants to ambient waters. The efficiency of the wastewater treatment in Cluj-Napoca improved considerably after the upgrade of the WWTP. Therefore, it is crucial that several WWTPs must be implemented or improved in the Somes Valley Watershed in order to reduce the discharge of contaminants in the Somes River from these point sources.

     

Environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in the Somes River before and after upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant Cluj-Napoca,Romania

Background, aim, and scope

Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of emerging contaminants, which has led to increasing concern about potential environmental risks. After excretion, substantial amounts of unchanged pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are discharged into domestic wastewaters. The absence of data on the environmental exposure in Eastern Europe is significant, since use patterns and volumes differ from country to country. In Romania, the majority of wastewater, from highly populated cities and industrial complex zones, is still discharged into surface waters without proper treatment or after inefficient treatment. In respect to this, it is important to determine the environmental occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and surface waters. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of selected PPCPs during the transport in the Somes River by mass flow analysis before and after upgrading a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Cluj-Napoca, which serves 350,000 inhabitants and is the largest plant discharging into the Somes River. The concentrations of PPCPs at Cluj-Napoca can be correlated with the high population and a high number of hospitals located in the catchment area leading to higher mass flows. The results of this study are expected to provide information, with respect to the Romanian conditions, for environmental scientists, WWTP operators, and legal authorities. The data should support the improvement of existing WWTPs and implementation of new ones where necessary and, therefore, minimize the input of contaminants into ambient waters.

Materials and methods

The PPCPs were selected on the basis of consumption at the regional scale, reported aquatic toxicity, and the suitability of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the determination of the compounds at trace levels. The studied PPCPs, caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine (antiepileptic), pentoxifylline (anticoagulant), cyclophosphamide (cytostatic), ibuprofen (analgesic), and galaxolide (musk fragrance), were determined in samples of the Somes River. The analytes were enriched by solid-phase extraction and subsequently determined by GC/MS. Caffeine, pentoxifylline, and galaxolide were determined underivatized, whereas the acidic pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, cyclophosphamide, and ibuprofen were determined after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide.

Results and discussion

The concentrations in the Somes River varied from below 10 ng/L up to 10 μg/L. A substantial decrease of the exposure in the Somes River could be observed due to the upgrade of the municipal WWTP in Cluj-Napoca. The loads in the river stretch between Cluj-Napoca and Dej (Somes Mic) varied strongly: caffeine (400–2,000 g/day), carbamazepine (78–213 g/day), galaxolide (140–684 g/day), ibuprofen (84–108 g/day). After the upgrade of the WWTP Cluj-Napoca, the concentrations in the Somes of caffeine, pentoxifylline, cyclophosphamide, galaxolide, and tonalide were significantly reduced (over 75%). One might be cautious comparing both studies because the relative efficiency of the WWTP’s removal of PPCP was not evaluated. However, the significantly lower concentrations of most compounds after the upgrade of the WWTP Cluj-Napoca allow one to infer that the technical measures at the source substantially reduced inputs of contaminants to the receiving river. Dej loads of the poorly biodegradable substance carbamazepine increased by a factor of 2–3 as a result of wastewater discharges into the river. The disproportionate increase in caffeine loads by a factor of 4 below Cluj-Napoca indicates inputs of untreated wastewater from the Somes Mare due to the discharge of untreated wastewater derived from Bistrita, Nasaud, and Beclean (115,000 inhabitants).

Conclusions

The relative contribution of treated and untreated wastewater in surface water might be assessed by measuring chemical markers. Recalcitrant pharmaceuticals like carbamazepine are suitable as chemical markers for estimating the relative contribution of wastewater in surface water. The easily degradable caffeine might be a good indicator for raw sewage and hardly treated wastewaters.

Recommendations and perspectives

Municipal WWTPs have the potential of a significant contribution in reducing the load of contaminants to ambient waters. The efficiency of the wastewater treatment in Cluj-Napoca improved considerably after the upgrade of the WWTP. Therefore, it is crucial that several WWTPs must be implemented or improved in the Somes Valley Watershed in order to reduce the discharge of contaminants in the Somes River from these point sources.

     

Environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in the Somes River before and after upgrading the municipal wastewater treatment plant Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Background, aim, and scope  

Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of emerging contaminants, which has led to increasing concern about potential environmental risks. After excretion, substantial amounts of unchanged pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are discharged into domestic wastewaters. The absence of data on the environmental exposure in Eastern Europe is significant, since use patterns and volumes differ from country to country. In Romania, the majority of wastewater, from highly populated cities and industrial complex zones, is still discharged into surface waters without proper treatment or after inefficient treatment. In respect to this, it is important to determine the environmental occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and surface waters. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of selected PPCPs during the transport in the Somes River by mass flow analysis before and after upgrading a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Cluj-Napoca, which serves 350,000 inhabitants and is the largest plant discharging into the Somes River. The concentrations of PPCPs at Cluj-Napoca can be correlated with the high population and a high number of hospitals located in the catchment area leading to higher mass flows. The results of this study are expected to provide information, with respect to the Romanian conditions, for environmental scientists, WWTP operators, and legal authorities. The data should support the improvement of existing WWTPs and implementation of new ones where necessary and, therefore, minimize the input of contaminants into ambient waters.     

The behaviors and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coking wastewater treatment plant

The occurrence, behaviors and fate of 18 PAHs were investigated in a coking wastewater treatment plant in Songshan coking plant, located in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province of China. It was found that the target compounds occurred widely in raw coking wastewater, treated effluent, sludge and gas samples. In raw coking wastewater, high molecular weight (MW) PAHs were the dominant compounds, while 3-6 ring PAHs predominated in the final effluent. The dominant compounds in gas samples were phenathrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, while they were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene for sludge. The process achieved over 97% removal for all the PAHs, 47-92% of eliminations of these target compounds in liquid phase were achieved in biological stage. Different behaviors of PAHs were observed in the primary tank, anaerobic tank, aerobic tank, hydrolytic tank and coagulation tank units, while heavier and lower ones were mainly removed in anaerobic tank and aerobic tanks, respectively. Regarding the fate of PAHs, calculated fractions of mass losses for low MW PAHs due to transformation and adsorption to sludge accounted for 15-50% and 24-49%, respectively, while the rest was less than 1%. For high MW PAHs, the mass losses were mainly due to adsorption to sludge and separation with tar (contributing 56-76% and 22-39%, respectively), and the removal through transformation was less.     

南方典型山塘区农村散排污水处理新工艺研究

针对南方典型山塘区农村散排污水未经处理直接入河引起水体水质恶化问题,因地制宜开发了基于给水污泥基质填料的山塘湿地生态治理技术,形成适于山塘区农村散排污水的强化化粪池—潮汐式给水污泥生态填料床—生物塘三级处理新工艺,并进行工程示范。现场试验表明,潮汐式给水污泥生态填料床对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除率分别为55.66%、87.02%、36.77%、91.62%,新工艺最终出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。综合经济分析,该工艺运行费用约为0.059 5万元/a,单位污水综合处理成本为0.4元/t,具有经济性、环境友好和可推广性。     

南京某城市污水二级处理系统中酞酸酯类的分布及去除特征

以南京某城市污水厂污水和污泥中的酞酸酯类（PAEs）为研究对象,分别采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPE—Gc．Ms）和超声提取．气相色谱．质谱联用（USE—GC—Ms）检测其中的优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP）,研究其在厌氧／好氧（A／O）污泥处理过程中的分布特征及降解规律。研究结果表明,各类PAEs在该污水厂的污水和污泥中均有检出,二级处理出水中4种酞酸酯类物质的浓度在0．151—2．419μg／L。污水中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DMP〉DEP,污泥中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DEP〉DMP。该污水厂二级处理工艺对4种PAEs的去除效果较明显,去除效率DBP〉DEP〉DMP〉MEHP．     

南京某城市污水二级处理系统中酞酸酯类的分布及去除特征简

以南京某城市污水厂污水和污泥中的酞酸酯类（PAEs）为研究对象,分别采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPE-GC-MS）和超声提取-气相色谱-质谱联用（USE-GC-MS）检测其中的优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP）,研究其在厌氧/好氧（A/O）污泥处理过程中的分布特征及降解规律。研究结果表明,各类PAEs在该污水厂的污水和污泥中均有检出,二级处理出水中4种酞酸酯类物质的浓度在0.151~2.419 μg/L。污水中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP>DBP>DMP>DEP,污泥中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP>DBP>DEP>DMP。该污水厂二级处理工艺对4种PAEs的去除效果较明显,去除效率DBP>DEP>DMP>MEHP。     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

Monitoring and modelling of siloxanes in a sewage treatment plant in the UK

Monitoring of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) carried out at Anglian Water’s Broadholme sewage treatment plant (STP) is described. The method deployed used headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) and the addition of isotopically labelled cVMS to correct for partitioning in samples containing high levels of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The method was capable of measuring cVMS in raw sewage samples, with recoveries of 80%, 85% and 71% respectively, for D₄, D₅ and D₆. The limit of quantification was 0.2 μg L⁻¹ for all three substances. Recoveries close to 100% were observed for all cVMS spiked into treated effluent (LOQ = 0.01 μg L⁻¹). Despite the volatile nature of cVMS and its ubiquitous presence in the ambient atmosphere, the methods deployed showed excellent recoveries, reproducibility and quantification limits. A distinct diurnal variation in cVMS concentration, probably linked with the use of personal care products was observed for raw sewage but not in treated sewage effluent. The estimated per capita consumption of D₅ (∼2.7 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹) derived for the population served by this plant was significantly lower than that derived in the Environment Agency (UK) risk assessment (11.6 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹). The cVMS were highly removed during sewage treatment with efficiencies greater than 98%. The methods and findings of this pilot study can be used as the basis for future studies on the fate of cVMS substances in STPs.     

某典型铬盐厂污染场地Cr(VI)还原菌的筛选、鉴定及还原特性

从河南省义马市某典型铬盐厂污染场地3个典型区域获得污染土壤,以K2Cr2O7为供试物,用固体平板法筛选出8株菌,并进行Cr（VI）还原菌耐受性实验,挑选出耐受性较高的2株菌作为Cr（VI）的优势还原菌株,对这2株菌进行生长曲线的测定,用16S rRNA基因测序技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并研究了其在不同初始浓度、接种量、pH、温度条件下的还原特性,获得最佳还原条件。结果表明：YM4和YM7等2株菌对Cr（VI）具有高耐受性,其对50 mg·L-1和75 mg·L-1 Cr（VI）浓度的还原率均能达到97%以上。但Cr（VI）浓度提高到100 mg·L-1,YM4和YM7对Cr（VI）的还原率下降到了60%,说明100 mg·L-1 Cr（VI）对YM4和YM7产生了抑制作用。基因测序鉴定出YM4为芽孢杆菌,YM7为微小杆菌。在20～75 mg·L-1 范围内YM4和YM7均对Cr（VI）有较好去除效果。YM4的最佳还原条件是接种量为5%、pH为7.0～8.0、温度为35 ℃,YM7的最佳还原条件是接种量为5%、pH为7.0、温度为40 ℃。基于2株菌对Cr（VI）还原特性的研究,YM4和YM7可以用来作为微生物修复铬污染土壤的备选菌种。     

山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域城市污水处理厂运行效果及费用分析

对山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域内某具有代表性的县级城市污水处理厂的进水特征、运行效果和处理费用进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂进水污染物浓度远低于设计指标。(2)该污水处理厂2012年单位水处理平均耗电量为0.267kW·h/m3,略低于国内单位水处理平均耗电量水平,略高于发达国家单位水处理平均耗电量水平,仍具有节能潜力。该污水处理厂单位水处理耗电量与单位水处理COD削减量呈线性相关,可通过COD进出水浓度及耗电量—污染物削减量线性关系式近似估算污水处理的耗电量。(3)该污水处理厂单位水处理总费用约0.58元/m3,其中电费和设备折旧费分别占单位水处理总费用的53.99%和33.67%,为污水处理厂运行费用的主要构成部分。     

Quantitative microbial risk assessment of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment plant by using two aeration modes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nonnegligible emission of bioaerosols usually occurs during aeration of wastewater in aerator tanks in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Literature...     

Biomarker responses and reproductive toxicity of the effluent from a Chinese large sewage treatment plant in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The present study was conducted to assess the potential toxicity of the effluent from a large sewage treatment plant (GBD-STP) in Beijing. Japanese medakas (Oryzias latipes) at reproduction active period were exposed to a serial of graded concentrations of the effluent or 100 ng l-1 of 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2, positive control). Growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), reproductive success, induction potency of vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish and that of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity (EROD) in male fish liver were used as test endpoints. The growth suppression of fish was observed in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in significant differences in both body length and body weight of medaka above 5% effluent. This effluent can inhibit the growth of gonad of medakas and are more sensitive to male than to female. At exposure concentration of 40% and higher, there was an unexpected decrease of HSI values, which may be resulted from sub-lethal toxicity of effluent to fish liver. VTG of plasma in males were induced in all exposure concentration levels, but not in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration of 5% effluent would be the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) affecting reproductive success when examining fertile individuals, fecundity and fertilization rate. The overt CYP1A response and higher reproductive toxicity may be indicative of low process efficiency of this STP.     

碳基材料对污水厂尾水和太湖水体中CDOM的吸附特征

采用颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和碳纳米管3种典型碳基材料来吸附太湖水和污水厂尾水中的有机物,考察碳基材料对水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸附特征。基于荧光光谱和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),提取出C1(腐殖酸类)、C2(色氨酸类蛋白)和C3(酪氨酸类蛋白)3个PARAFAC荧光组分。粉末活性炭和碳纳米管具有发达的中孔孔隙结构,对水中大分子有机物具有较高的吸附容量,颗粒活性炭微孔结构发达反而不利于吸附水中腐殖酸等大分子有机物。粉末活性炭对水中有机物具有最高的吸附速率,对太湖水中荧光组分C1、C2和C3 的吸附速率分别为0.278、0.358和0.359 min-1,颗粒活性炭的吸附速率明显低于粉末活性炭和碳纳米管。研究结果揭示了水中复杂混合有机物的吸附特征,为吸附工艺参数的优化提供技术参考。     

华中地区某污水处理厂低碳运行措施及效果

以华中地区某污水处理厂 (设计规模：25×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹) 为例,分析城镇污水处理厂的节能降碳的有效措施。该厂在2021年底实施了系列节能高效运行和工艺优化创新措施,取得显著降碳效果。措施包括：采用节能高效设备、生化池按需曝气、光伏发电等节约电耗措施,以及强化生物除磷、优化化学除磷、多点配水节约碳源、智能加药等。对比分析该污水处理厂2022年的运行数据与2019—2021年的数据。年平均吨水电耗、吨水消耗碳源、吨水消耗除磷剂分别由0.192 kW·h·m⁻³、5.010 mg·L⁻¹ 、4.199 mg·L⁻¹降至0.161 kW·h·m⁻³、0 mg·L⁻¹、2.980 mg·L⁻¹。污水处理厂年消耗电费、药费等直接运行成本节约39.6%, 间接碳排放强度减少20.3%。相关举措可为类似污水处理厂的从运行管理角度实现减污降碳协同增效提供参考。     

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of waste generation in a refrigerator-manufacturing plant based on a waste tree and mass balance

In this study, wastes originating at each production station during refrigerator manufacturing were identified and classified based on a waste tree. A mass balance study revealed a total waste production factor of 0.046 kg/kg of a product of which 75.3%, 23.9%, and 0.8% were non-hazardous wastes (NHWs), packaging wastes (PWs), and hazardous wastes (HWs), respectively. Wastes produced during refrigerator manufacturing were grouped under 35 different waste codes. Waste codes that contributed more than 5% by weight were 15 02 02 (contaminated absorbent material), 15 01 10 (contaminated packaging), 16 02 13 (electronic cards), 07 02 14 (polyol) and 08 05 01 (isocyanates), 19 08 13 (treatment sludge), 16 02 15 (capacitors), and 13 01 13 (hydraulic oil) for HWs, 12 01 01 (ferrous metal), and 16 02 16 (components) for NHWs, and, finally, 15 01 03 (wooden), 15 01 01 (paper&cardboard), and 15 01 02 (plastic) for PWs over 5 years. Scrap costs were used as a surrogate to determine production stages that generated high amounts of metal and plastic wastes. Logarithmically, increasing and decreasing trends were observed for PWs and NHWs over the study period, respectively. HW amounts did not exhibit a statistically significant trend. Twenty-eight BATs (best available techniques) were identified that could be applied in refrigerator manufacturing for waste minimization and management. Among those, 8 of them were proposed for further improvement for waste management in the facility.