底泥生态疏浚研究概况

总结了底泥生态疏浚的一些关键技术,介绍国内外研究应用的概况并对修复效果进行分析,针对生态疏浚的不足提出建议。     

湖泊富营养化治理的底泥疏浚工程

2000年对长春南湖的富营养化治理实施了底泥疏浚工程,经过连续两年多的底泥疏浚工程,已完成清淤量的60%。底泥疏浚工程运转后,水质有所好转,湖水的总氮、总磷浓度下降,浮游植物个体密度减小,浮游植物生物量、叶绿素a下降显著,但浮游生物的优势种仍为富营养化的指示种。疏浚底泥的治理工程与实施生态工程相结合是治理富营养化藻型浅水湖泊的有效途径。     

辽宁大伙房水库底泥生物毒性研究

利用发光菌对辽宁大伙房水库的底泥进行了生物毒性测试,测试结果,整个库区底泥的生物毒性等级为Ⅰ级,毒性级别为低毒.结合库区水质理化分析数据,水库水体较清洁,符合生活用水水源的标准.     

湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术——滇池草海底泥疏挖及处置

论述了环保疏浚工程的特点,工程方案的主要内容,设备选型,底泥处置,以及干化等。笔者以滇池草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程为实例介绍了湖泊污染底泥疏浚工程技术。      

湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移影响的模拟研究

选择太湖梅梁湾污染沉积物为研究对象,选取夏季和冬季两个典型季节,进行室内模拟试验研究了湖泊疏浚对沉积物再悬浮及磷迁移的影响.结果表明,研究区模拟疏浚20 cm能够有效地抑制沉积物发生再悬浮,冬季疏浚比夏季疏浚抑制效果更好,在扰动过程中夏季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱总悬浮物(TSS)最大含量分别为初始值的7.0和2.2倍;而冬季未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱分别为24.3和6.4倍.统计分析发现,夏、冬两季模拟试验未疏浚对照和疏浚水柱中总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)含量都与TSS含量变化呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),表明风浪扰动造成大量沉积物再悬浮,并伴随内源磷的释放是水柱中TP和磷酸盐的主要来源.夏季模拟试验疏浚对水柱中TP和磷酸盐负荷控制效果略差,冬季模拟试验疏浚水柱中TP和磷酸盐含量都显著(P<0.01)低于未疏浚对照.利用薄膜扩散梯度(DGT)技术研究了夏季疏浚沉积物-水界面上间隙水中溶解态活性磷(DRP)垂向分布,未疏浚水土界面中间隙水DRP扩散层厚度大于疏浚样,但疏浚样间隙水DRP在水土界面的离子浓度势能大于未疏浚对照样,表明底泥疏浚可以有效地降低疏浚区间隙水中DRP潜在的释放风险,但水动力作用下短期内可能会导致疏浚间隙水中DRP释放.对于太湖这样的大型浅水湖泊,确定最佳的疏浚时令、疏浚深度及疏浚范围至关重要.     

LMB8菌株产微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水的研究

河道疏浚会产生大量疏浚底泥,其水分含量很高,不利于处理和二次利用。而将微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水,具有高效、无毒、无二次污染的特点。对菌株LMB8进行产絮凝剂优化培养后,将其所产微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水。实验结果表明,当底泥泥浆(含水率为93%)体积为100 m L,p H值为9,助凝剂Ca Cl2溶液投加量为5 m L,LMB8菌株发酵液的最适投加量为3 m L时,LMB8菌株产絮凝剂对河道疏浚底泥泥浆的絮凝率最高可达83.1%。LMB8菌株所产絮凝性物质中含有多糖,不含有蛋白质,具有热稳定性。LMB8菌体本身则不具有絮凝性,其有效絮凝性物质是该菌体在发酵过程中产生的胞外分泌物。     

云南高原湖泊污染底泥环境疏浚工程设计要点问题探析

主要阐述了云南5个湖泊底泥环境疏浚与其它疏浚方式的区别以及与环境疏浚相关的技术参数,并指出在湖泊底泥环境疏浚工程设计及施工过程中应着重考虑的技术要点及措施,包括疏挖及输送方式的选择、疏浚设备类型的选择、疏浚区域的确定、挖泥厚度确定及精度要求、底泥处置及防渗处理、余水处理及排放等方面.     

松花坝水库底泥疏浚对其水质影响分析研究

谷昌坝水库为松华坝水库的前置库，1993年拦截泥沙25821t、总磷21．4t、总氮45．88t，分别占入库总量的92．4％、83．3％和39．2％，且90％以上的磷吸附在泥沙及颗粒上迁移。1996年以来谷昌坝共清淤58．05万m^3，挖深7m-8m。1994年、1999年和2000年的监测数据比较表明，松华坝水库水质均为轻污染，没有进一步恶化。     

河道疏浚底泥资源化再利用的研究进展

城市河道建设或整治过程中都会产生大量疏浚底泥,由于河道疏浚底泥的特殊性质,如何开发其剩余价值,实现废弃物的资源化再利用成为该行业的研究热点。本文对近年来河道疏浚底泥的资源化再利用方法进行总结与分析,并对该领域未来的发展方向提出了建议。     

底泥疏浚对竺山湖底栖生物群落结构变化及水质影响

结合2008年年底在竺山湖进行的底泥清淤工程,调查了底泥疏浚6个月后对大型底栖动物的群落结构的影响及水质变化.结果表明,疏浚区和未疏浚区底栖动物均以霍普水丝蚓、摇蚊和铜锈环棱螺3种生物为主;同未疏浚区相比,疏浚后生物多样性降低,但生物量增加.受外源污染影响,上覆水体中TN、TP含量变化幅度分别为1.64～4.45mg/L和0.133～0.258mg/L,较高的水体营养盐含量,使得疏浚后的新生底泥仍处于营养盐较高的状态,从而使得底栖动物群落组成以生活于污染较重的物种为主.采用Shannon-Weaver、Simpson和Goodnight指数对底栖生物进行评价,结果表明疏浚区处于中度污染,未疏浚区处于中-重度污染状态.结合底栖动物调查和水质监测结果,只有在严格控制外源污染对水体的影响后,底泥疏浚才能起到应有的作用.     

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl River in South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) method and geo-accumulation (I_geo) index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of I_geo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 (n = 23, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.     

温瑞塘河沉积物的生物毒性表征研究

利用淡水型发光细菌青海孤菌的一个变种Q67和热带爪蟾胚胎对温瑞塘河沉积物浸出液生物毒性检测分析.沉积物相对发光强度平均值为63.3%,属中等生物毒性,最高发光强度为81.9%,最低发光强度为40.6%.沉积物浸出液的发育毒性结果为胚胎平均孵化率75.98%,最低点为42.5%,最高点为100%;胚胎成活率平均值为83.77%,最低值为66.25%,最高值为100%;平均致畸形率为16.6%,4个采样点无致畸现象,最大致畸性率为36.3%;爪蟾的平均体长为3.58cm,最小体长2.64cm,最大体长4.06cm.工业园区、城市生活与工厂混杂区,河流交汇且易于沉积区域生物毒性大,在源头区及单一生活污染区生物毒性小.     

Significance of dredging on sediment denitrification in Meiliang Bay, China： A year long simulation study

An experiment for studying the effects of sediment dredging on denitrification in sediments was carried out through a one-year incubation of undredged (control) and dredged cores in laboratory. Dredging the upper 30 cm of sediment can significantly affect physico-chemical characteristics of sediments. Less degradation of organic matter in the dredged sediments was found during the experiment. Denitrification rates in the sediments were estimated by the acetylene blockage technique, and ranged from 21.6 to 102.7 nmol N2/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) for the undredged sediment and from 6.9 to 26.9 nmol N2/(g dw·hr) for dredged sediments. The denitrification rates in the undredged sediments were markedly higher (p0.05) than those in the dredged sediments throughout the incubation, with the exception of February 2006. The importance of various environmental factors on denitrification was assessed, which indicated that denitrification was regulated by temperature. Nitrate was probably the key factor limiting denitrification in both undredged and dredged sediments. Organic carbon played some role in determining the denitrification rates in the dredged sediments, but not in the undredged sediments. Sediment dredging influenced the mineralization of organic matter and denitrification in the sediment; and therefore changed the pattern of inherent cycling of nitrogen.     

给水厂废弃铁铝泥对湖泊沉积物好氧氨氧化作用的影响

给水厂废弃铁铝泥(Ferric and aluminum residuals,FARs)可用于控制湖泊沉积物磷释放.因此,在实际应用之前对FARs的风险进行评估非常重要.本研究通过室内富集实验,考察FARs对沉积物中氨氧化菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)活性、丰度和多样性的影响.结果表明:投加FARs后,沉积物对氨氮的去除能力微弱提高.富集后沉积物中AOB丰度增加,投加FARs的沉积物中AOB丰度达到1.32×108copies·g-1,而未投加FARs的沉积物中AOB丰度为1.14×108copies·g-1.此外,amo A基因的系统发育分析表明富集前后沉积物中的AOB均附属于Nitrosospira和Nitrosomonas两个种属,并且投加FARs沉积物中AOB的多样性略高于未投加的.综上结果表明,FARs回用于湖泊富营养化控制的同时,将有益于沉积物中好氧氨氧化作用的进行.     

杭州市河道底泥重金属污染评价与环保疏浚深度研究

重金属是河道底泥疏浚要控制的重要污染物,而疏浚深度是生态疏浚工程中需要确定的关键参数.本文以杭州经济技术开发区河道为研究对象,共采集18处底泥柱状样,采用土壤背景值、土壤环境质量二级标准值、变异系数和相关性分析方法对底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的污染状况进行了评价,同时分析重金属总量和有效态含量在垂向上的变化特征,并引入地累积指数法对各深度底泥中的重金属进行累积性评估,利用本文提出的临界累积深度方法来确定合理的环保疏浚深度.结果表明,河道表层底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As的平均含量分别为165.16、342.40、55.34、3.61、34.06、36.70 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、As、Zn的有效态含量分别为0.007、3.37、0.095、20.76 mg·kg-1,重金属总量均超过了杭嘉湖平原土壤背景值,其中Cd污染最为严重.各重金属元素在底泥中的变异系数为0.29~2.39,空间分布并不均匀.重金属总量和有效态含量随底泥深度的增大整体呈下降趋势,但受不同时期人类活动污染及河道整治影响而呈不规则变化.各重金属元素的富集程度为CdAsZnPbNiCu,其中,Cd污染等级为2~6级,污染程度为中度污染至极强污染.利用临界累积深度方法推算得到研究区域河道底泥环保疏浚深度为0~0.9 m.     

锦州湾沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生物毒性风险评价

选择污染严重的锦州湾表层沉积物作为研究对象,运用2套由生物效应数据库法导出的沉积物质量基准(ERL/ERM和TEL/PEL)评价了锦州湾沉积物中重金属的生物毒性风险.同时与地累积指数对重金属污染的评价结果进行了比较.结果表明,潜在生物毒性风险评价和重金属污染评价所反映的结果相一致,可以相互补充和借鉴.基于生态效应数据库法的沉积物质量基准可以有效的评价重金属潜在生物毒性风险.     

Inhibitory effect of nitrobenzene on oxygen demand in lake sediments

Nitrobenzene is an important raw material and product,which presents a heavy threat to the ecosystem.The potential impacts of nitrobenzene on sediment oxygen demand (SOD) were studied in lake sediment ...     

发光细菌的生理特性及其在环境监测中的应用

就发光细菌的生理特性、发光细菌毒性试验在环境监测中的应用及该技术的新进展３个方面进行了较为全面的概述;评价了发光细菌毒性试验的特点,提出了该技术今后的发展方向;可以预见它将成为环境监测的重要手段。     

城市河道环保疏浚与水利疏浚效果研究——以无锡市梁塘河薛家浜为例

以内源污染严重的无锡市梁塘河薛家浜为研究区,开展环保疏浚和水利疏浚试验,通过疏浚前后底泥和水体中总氮、总磷浓度变化及底泥中氮、磷的静态释放通量,评估2种疏浚方式对河道内源污染削减效果的影响。结果表明:2种疏浚方式都能有效降低底泥中营养盐浓度,环保疏浚后底泥中总氮、总磷浓度分别削减了46.50%和35.51%,水利疏浚后分别削减了40.10%和30.51%。但达到同样疏浚效果时,相较环保疏浚,水利疏浚的工程量增加;在外源污染得到较好控制的前提下,2种疏浚方式均能有效削减内源释放对水体的污染,其中环保疏浚对氮、磷释放通量削减率较高,分别为46.92%和38.53%,水利疏浚则为40.99%和30.09%;考虑到城区土地资源紧缺,水利疏浚易超挖及疏浚后水生态系统较难恢复的问题,建议采取环保疏浚方式解决城市河道内源污染问题。     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.