共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
We surveyed patterns of allelic variation within twelve samples of the pipi Donax deltoides Lamarck from beaches separated by up to 1200 km but connected to varying degrees by the East Australian Current. We used
these data to test the prediction that the irregular patterns of water movement would cause genetic differentiation in pipis,
so that there would be more genetic variation within and among the more southern regions than the northern regions. We found
that six loci were at least moderately variable within all samples, and there were no clear geographic patterns in allelic
frequencies. In general, genotype frequencies within samples were consistent with predictions for an outcrossed, sexually
reproducing species, and we detected no evidence of population subdivision. Within samples, with the exception of the peptidase
loci, single-locus genotype frequencies were in close agreement with expectations for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. We observed
no significant linkage disequilibrium for any pairwise comparison of loci in any sample. Our hierarchical analysis of genetic
variation revealed little variation among all samples (F
st = 0.009). Loci showed consistently low levels of subdivision (F
st from 0.003 to 0.018). We found almost no variation among the four geographic regions sampled (F
rt = 0.001). All variation was therefore attributable to variation among samples within regions (F
sr = 0.010). These data imply that larvae are moving between regions and that levels of present or recent gene flow are high,
and support the conclusions of other studies which have inferred widespread gene flow for animals dispersing via planktonic,
outcrossed larvae in parts of this region. This implies that the East Australian Current is sufficient to produce strong larval
connections despite its intermittent nature. If existing levels of population subdivision reflect current levels of gene flow,
then these data imply that D. deltoides represents a single fishery on the east coast of Australia.
Received: 16 September 1996 / Accepted: 25 September 1996 相似文献
2.
Results of isozyme electrophoresis were used to explore the genetic relationships between several Mediterranean morphs of
Cerithium (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), for which taxonomy is currently uncertain because of high intraspecific variability and low
interspecific differentiation. The large species, classically known as C. vulgatum Bruguière, 1789 was identified at four sites (two in the French Mediterranean and two in southern Spain). Two different larval
types were found in the French sites, but poecilogony could not be demonstrated. Individuals collected from harbours were
not genetically distinct from open-sea populations of classic C. vulgatum. However, a population in the Embiez lagoon (French Mediterranean) which morphologically resembles C. vulgatum did display distinct genetic traits, supporting its status as a separate species. Of the small Cerithium species usually known as C. rupestre, two sympatric species (C.“rupestre” Risso, 1826 and C. lividulum Risso, 1826) were distinguished. Genotype frequencies within the analysed populations revealed much heterozygote deficiency.
F
ST
values (fixation index measuring the effects of population subdivision) suggest a higher genetic differentiation for C. lividulum populations than for C. vulgatum populations. We assume that a high larval dispersal capability (via planktotrophy) allows a high gene flow between populations
of C. vulgatum.
Received: 24 November 1998 / Accepted: 24 September 1999 相似文献
3.
The genetic structure of Mycedium elephantotus (Pallas, 1766) populations from three regions around Taiwan was examined using allozyme electrophoresis. Eight loci were
scored from seven enzyme systems. Seven loci were polymorphic under the 95% criterion. The high ratio of observed to expected
genotypic diversities at the collection sites (G
O:G
E=0.8 to 1.0) indicate that M. elephantotus propagates predominantly by sexual reproduction. Allele frequencies of M. elephantotus differed significantly among regions (D=0.024 to 0.256, F
ST=0.032 to 0.218, p < 0.001), while populations among collection sites within each region were homogeneous (D=0.000 to 0.015, F
ST=0.010 to 0.022, p > 0.05). Genetic differentiation between populations from southern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands is greater than that between
southern and northern Taiwan populations, although the former two regions are much closer geographically. The UPGMA dendrogram
based on Nei's unbiased genetic distance showed a clear subdivision of populations into two groupings, northern Taiwan/Penghu
Islands and southern Taiwan. A higher level of gene flow was found between M. elephantotus populations in northern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands (N
m=7.56) than that between populations in southern Taiwan and other regions (N
m=0.90 to 1.72). The pattern of genetic subdivision among regions is consistent with the pattern of ocean currents, indicating
that genetic differentiation is likely driven by surface circulation vicariance.
Received: 2 December 1997 / Accepted: 15 September 1998 相似文献
4.
Allozymes were examined in quantitative lunar monthly collections of larval recruits of the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus George over three recruitment seasons at two sites nearly 350 km apart in Western Australia. At Alkimos, the southern site,
recruitment occurs in a relatively narrow peak early in the spring, whereas at the northern Houtman Abrolhos Islands, recruitment
extends into the summer months. In the 1995/1996 recruitment season, the frequency of the GPI
*
100 allele increased from early to late in the season, but the frequencies were indistinguishable at the two sites in each monthly
collection. The combination of this temporal variation in allelic frequencies with the contrasting patterns of recruitment
at the Abrolhos Islands and Alkimos resulted in genetically different cohorts at the two sites. This pattern was ephemeral,
as it was not repeated in the subsequent two years. Thus, ephemeral genetic patchiness in P. cygnus can be generated by the locally-specific genetic mix of recruits obtained from a common larval pool. This mechanism is the
probable explanation of previously observed temporal and possible spatial genetic variation in adult P. cygnus, and highlights the importance of studying recruitment in order to understand the genetic structure of marine species.
Received: 22 February 1999 / Accepted: 8 June 1999 相似文献
5.
Allozyme variation was used to investigate the genetic structure of the coral reef fishes Stegastes nigricans, Epinephelus merra and Acanthurus triostegus around New Caledonia. Each species was sampled from each of three sites in the ≃1000 km circumference of the lagoon of New
Caledonia. Allelic variation was recorded for each species at 14, 13 and 17 loci, respectively, and heterozygosity diversity
(H
s) was 0.082, 0.065 and 0.116, respectively. Analysis of genetic differentiation between sites produced inconsistent results
between species, with spatial heterogeneity in two species (S. nigricans, F
st
= 0.038; A. triostegus, F
st = 0.049) and homogeneity in one species (E. merra, F
st = 0.000). Hydrological and climatic data from the lagoon suggest that the eastern and western sides of the lagoon are isolated,
since they lie in water masses of different origin. This may explain the genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow
found at a local scale for S. nigricans and A. triostegus. Homogeneity in populations of E. merra is discussed in relation to its low genetic diversity and its reproductive behaviour.
Received: 23 April 1997 / Accepted: 25 September 1997 相似文献
6.
The Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea is distinguished from the closely related Pacific oyster C. gigas by concordant differences in 16S rDNA, allozymes, and a one-way gametic incompatibility. After repeated failures to find
this oyster in its native habitat, we speculated in 1994 that “the Kumamoto oyster may be extinct in Japan”. In September
1996, we sampled small, deep-cupped oysters from the Ariake Sea and typed these for 16S rDNA and ITS-1 DNA markers previously
shown to be diagnostic for the three most common oysters in the Ariake Sea, C. gigas, C. sikamea and C. ariakensis. Our earlier suggestion of the demise of C. sikamea proved incorrect. Of the 256 oysters sampled, 181 (71%) were C. gigas, 53 (21%) were C. sikamea, and 22 (9%) were C. ariakensis; no interspecific hybrids were observed. The distributions of C. sikamea and C. ariakensis are clumped in the Ariake Sea: C. sikamea occurs on the eastern and northern shores, C. ariakensis occurs only in the northern part. These results emphasize the value of molecular markers for discriminating these morphologically
plastic species both in the field and in aquaculture.
Received 6 July 1998 / Accepted 8 October 1998 相似文献
7.
No apparent genetic basis to demographic differences in scarid fishes across continental shelf of the Great Barrier Reef 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Two species of parrot fish, Scarus frenatus and Chlorurus sordidus, are known to exhibit demographic and life-history differences across the continental shelf of the northern Great Barrier
Reef (GBR). DNA sequences from the mitochondrial (mt) control region were analysed to determine whether there were genetic
differences between the populations from the mid- and outer-shelf reefs. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated
high levels of gene exchange for both species at a local scale between reefs on mid- and outer continental shelf positions
(20 km apart) and at a broader scale along the length of the GBR province (>1000 km apart). There was no evidence to suggest
that local differences in scarid life-history characteristics on the northern GBR have a genetic basis. Rather it appears
more likely that phenotypically plastic responses to prevailing social and environmental conditions explain differences in
the life-history characteristics of both taxa. However, analysis of genetic variation and historical demography revealed striking
differences between the two species. S. frenatus haplotypes differed from one another at relatively few nucleotide sites (mean = 3.30), and the pairwise mismatch distribution
suggested this species has undergone a population expansion within the limit of the resolution of the marker. C. sordidus haplotypes, however, differed from one another at a number of sites (mean = 7.67). Mismatch distribution analysis suggested
that the population size of this species has remained at equilibrium over time. These patterns could also reflect differences
in the metapopulation sizes or generation times between taxa. Some of the implications for fisheries management are discussed.
Received: 28 January 2000 / Accepted: 9 July 2000 相似文献
8.
F. Maltagliati A. P. Peru M. Casu F. Rossi C. Lardicci M. Curini-Galletti A. Castelli 《Marine Biology》2000,136(5):871-879
The genetic relationships between morphologically indistinguishable marine and brackish populations of Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 (Polychaeta: Syllidae) were studied by means of allozyme electrophoresis. Samples of S. gracilis from marine coastal and brackish-water habitats were examined for variation at 13 presumptive loci. In addition, a sample
of the closely related species S. prolifera (Krohn, 1852) was analysed. Five loci were multiallelic in at least one population of S. gracilis and eight loci in S. prolifera. Low to moderate levels of within-population genetic variability were found, with average expected heterozygosity values
ranging from H = 0.068 (±0.043 SE) to 0.187 (±0.069 SE) in the populations of S. gracilis; higher values were found in S. prolifera (H = 0.325 ± 0.076). The presence of various private alleles indicated a marked genetic divergence among populations of S. gracilis, with Nei's genetic distances ranging from D = 0.000 to 0.833 and a highly significant F
ST value. Furthermore, evidence for strong genetic heterogeneity between two sympatric marine populations was found. UPGMA cluster
analysis and multidimensional scaling pointed out a clear genetic divergence between brackish and marine populations. At least
two genetically divergent entities occurred in marine and brackish habitats. This could be due to local adaptation of individuals
coming from marine populations to brackish habitats, but more presumably to the occurrence of a species complex within S. gracilis.
Received: 6 June 1999 / Accepted: 7 February 2000 相似文献
9.
The pattern and characteristics of diving in 14 female northern rockhopper penguins, Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi, were studied at Amsterdam Island (37°50′S; 77°31′E) during the guard stage, using electronic time–depth recorders. Twenty-nine
foraging trips (27 daily foraging trips and two longer trips including one night) with a total of 16 572 dives of ≥3 m were
recorded. Females typically left the colony at dawn and returned in the late afternoon, spending an average of 12 h at sea,
during which they performed ∼550 dives. They were essentially inshore foragers (mean estimated foraging range 6 km), and mainly
preyed upon the pelagic euphausiid Thysanoessa gregaria, fishes and squid being only minor components of the diet. Mean dive depth, dive duration, and post-dive intervals were 18.4 m
(max. depth 109 m), 57 s (max. dive duration 168 s), and 21 s (37% of dive duration), respectively. Descent and ascent rates
averaged 1.2 and 1.0 ms−1 and were, together with dive duration, significantly correlated with dive depth. Birds spent 18% of their total diving time
in dives reaching 15 to 20 m, and the mean maximum diving efficiency (bottom time:dive cycle duration) occurred for dives
reaching 15 to 35 m. The most remarkable feature of diving behaviour in northern rockhopper penguins was the high percentage
of time spent diving during daily foraging trips (on average, 69% of their time at sea); this was mainly due to a high dive
frequency (∼44 dives per hour), which explained the high total vertical distance travelled during one trip (18 km on average).
Diving activity at night was greatly reduced, suggesting that, as other penguins, E. chrysocome moseleyi are essentially diurnal, and locate prey using visual cues.
Received: 9 December 1998 / Accepted: 3 March 1999 相似文献
10.
Nuclear ITS region of the alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Chromophyta: Raphidophyceae) is identical in isolates from Atlantic and Pacific basins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L. B. Connell 《Marine Biology》2000,136(6):953-960
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from 19 isolates of the algal genus Heterosigma (Chromophyta: Raphidophyceae) was amplified by polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Isolates were obtained from
both the Atlantic and Pacific basins, including Europe, eastern North America, western North America, Japan and New Zealand.
This study presents evidence that all Heterosigma isolates in this study are representatives of one species (H. akashiwo). All 19 isolates, except one (LB 2005) had identical ITS sequence (98.31% similar by pairwise comparison); Isolate LB 2005
may represent a separate subspecies. Such high degree of ITS sequence identity implies that the organism has spread between
oceanic regions in geologically recent times, possibly by human means. In addition to those from Heterosigma spp., the ITS regions from other marine Raphidophyceae (Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, C. subsalsa, Fibrocapsa japonica, and Olisthodiscus luteus) were amplified and sequenced using PCR. Total ITS lengths differed among the Raphidophyceae (C. antiqua, 577 base pairs (bp); C. marina, 577 bp;. C. subsalsa, 579 bp; F. japonica, 830 bp; H. akashiwo, 561 and 563 bp; O. luteus, 829 bp), but 5.8S rDNA sequences were similar in size (13 to 142 bp). The high ITS sequence identity between C. antiqua and C. marina (>99.9% by pairwise comparison) suggests the need for a taxonomic review of these species encompassing all morphological,
genetic, physiological and biochemical information. Additionally, a number of cultures of Raphidophyceae were positively identified.
In general, ITS comparisons among the Raphidophyceae may be most useful at the level of species determination rather than
at the population level.
Received: 12 July 1999 / Accepted: 16 March 2000 相似文献
11.
Christopher E. Hill S. Elizabeth Campbell J. Cully Nordby John M. Burt Michael D. Beecher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(5):341-349
Sharing song types with immediate neighbors is widespread in birds with song repertoires, and sharing songs may confer a
selective advantage in some cases. Levels of song sharing vary between different geographical populations of several bird
species, and ecological differences often correlate with differences in singing behavior; in particular, males in migratory
subspecies often share fewer songs than males in resident subspecies. The song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) appears to fit this pattern: resident song sparrows in western North America generally share 20–40% of their repertoire
(of about eight songs) with each neighbor, while migratory subspecies from eastern North America often share 10% or less.
We compared song sharing in two populations within a single subspecies of song sparrow (M. m. morphna) in Washington State. These populations, separated by only 120 km, nonetheless differ in migratory tendencies and several
other ecological and life history variables. We recorded complete song repertoires from 11 male song sparrows in a high-elevation,
migrating population at Gold Creek in west-central Washington, and compared them to two samples (n = 15 and n = 36) from a coastal, resident population at Discovery Park, Seattle, Washington. Despite major differences in habitat, population
density, and migratory tendencies, song sharing among Gold Creek males was as high as that among Discovery Park males. In
both populations, sharing was highest between immediate neighbors, and declined with distance. We conclude that at the within-subspecies
level, neither migration nor population density affect song sharing in song sparrows, a song repertoire species.
Received: 26 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 1 May 1999 / Accepted: 29 May 1999 相似文献
12.
In this study we examined how the variation in the distribution of six species of seabird trematodes was influenced by human
activities along the subarctic Barents Sea coast of northern Norway. This was done by comparing the prevalence of the parasites
in two species of intermediate host (Littorinasaxatilis and Littorina obtusata) on seashores near fishing industry complexes, fish farms and at control sites. In L. saxatilis there were higher prevalences at sites influenced by human activities for three out of five trematode species (Microphallus piriformes, M. similis, Cryptocotyle lingua) which have gulls (Larus spp.) as their predominant final hosts, while in L. obtusata, only M. similis was more common at sites with human activity. For M. pygmaeus, a trematode which has the common eider (Somateria mollissima) as its most predominant final host, the prevalence in L.␣saxatilis tended to be higher at sites with fishing industry, but differences were not significant. No such tendency was found in L. obtusata for this trematode. The overall prevalence in L. obtusata was lower than in L.␣saxatilis. This indicates that the vulnerability to trematode infection differs between the two snail species depending on the variation
in the distribution patterns in the intertidal zone. Gulls tend to concentrate in areas near fishing industry and fish farms
to feed on fish offal, which leads to an increase in the transmission between hosts, and to a higher level of parasite infection,
locally.
Received: 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 18 October 1998 相似文献
13.
Population genetic theory predicts that marine animal species with planktonic larvae will have less genetic structure than
those with direct development. We compared the genetic structure of four species of littorinid snails – two with planktonic
egg capsules that hatch as planktonic larvae and two with benthic egg masses that hatch as crawl-away juveniles. We used DNA
sequencing and single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) to assess sequence variation in a 480 bp fragment of the
mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and then used an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to estimate Φst for populations from the northeastern Pacific coast. One of the two direct-developing species, Littorina subrotundata, had a moderate amount of population structure (Φst=0.209) as expected but the other direct-developing species, L. sitkana, was nearly fixed for a single haplotype that made it impossible to precisely estimate Φst. One of the two planktonic-developing species, L. scutulata, did not show any significant population structure (Φst=0.004). In contrast to our expectations, the other planktonic-developing species, L. plena, showed some weak but statistically significant population structure (Φst=0.052). We discuss how differences in population genetic structure between species with the same type of development may
reflect differences in their historical demography.
Received: 22 December 1999 / Accepted: 24 July 2000 相似文献
14.
Analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in the otolith carbonate of pink snapper, Pagrus auratus, from several locations in Shark Bay, Western Australia, indicated that snapper are highly location specific. The hypersaline
(36 to >60‰) Shark Bay, on the coast of Western Australia, generated strongly characteristic isotopic signatures in the otolith
carbonate of snapper collected from the various locations indicating low levels of individual movement of the species. Oxygen
isotopes showed enrichment in 18O in otolith carbonate with salinity (0.10: Δ δ18O/Δ salinity ‰) typical for the evaporation of seawater. The enrichment in 13C (up to 1.75‰) was attributed to the incorporation of metabolically derived CO2 from an enrichment of 13C in the food web within Shark Bay. This was possibly a result of lower concentrations of dissolved CO2 with increasing salinity causing a reduction in isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. Results complement recent genetic
and tagging studies and provide further evidence of the complex nature of snapper stock structure in the Shark Bay region.
Published online: 17 July 2002 相似文献
15.
Samples of the Antarctic octopus Pareledone turqueti were taken from three locations on the Scotia Ridge in the Southern Ocean. The genetic homogeneity of these populations was
investigated using isozyme electrophoresis. Whilst panmixia appeared to be maintained around South Georgia (F
ST = 0) gene flow between this island and Shag Rocks, an island only 150 km away but separated by great depths, was extremely
limited (F
ST = 0.74). These results are examined with respect to the discontinuous distribution of P. turqueti throughout Antarctica. An estimate of effective population size was also calculated (N
e = 3600).
Received: 7 March 1997 / Accepted: 27 March 1997 相似文献
16.
The European fanworm Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) was recently introduced to Port Phillip Bay and is now a conspicuous component of most benthic communities.
Reproduction of the worm was investigated in a population at Queenscliff over a 2 yr period (October 1995 to October 1997)
using gonadal histology. The worms are dioecious (sex ratio 1:1, n=250), and attained sexual maturity at ∼50 mm body length. Reproductive periodicity followed a distinct annual cycle, and
spawning proceeded through an extended autumn/winter period. Spawning was broadly synchronous between sexes, and coincided
with falling seawater temperatures and shorter day-lengths. The females were highly fecund, and >50 000 eggs were probably
shed from large females (>300 mm body length) during the annual spawning period. Breeding cycles of S. spallanzanii in Port Phillip Bay are ∼6 mo out of phase with endemic populations located at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere.
The spread of S. spallanzanii within Port Phillip Bay has been monitored by divers on an annual basis since 1994. The most recent dive survey (1998) indicates
that S. spallanzanii has extended its range through out the entire 2000 km2 embayment, and has invaded most subtidal habitats. Quantitative estimates of S. spallanzanii abundances were highest on pier pylons (12.5 individuals m−2, 0.5 to 7 m depths). On sediments, estimates were highest at shallow sites (0.3 m−2, 7 m depth), but numbers declined significantly with depth (0.1 m−2, 17 to 22 m depth). Mean worm lengths and biomass were, by contrast, significantly higher at intermediate depths (12 to 17 m)
than in shallower (7 m) or deeper (22 m) locations. S. spallanzanii demonstrates a clear preference for growth in sheltered, nutrient-enriched waters, so it may not spread from Port Phillip
Bay into the adjacent oceanic waters of Bass Strait; however, in view of S. spallanzanii's current high abundance, fecundity and extended spawning periodicity, there is a high risk of future range expansions, mediated
by shipping, into other temperate-water ports.
Received: 17 November 1998 / Accepted: 6 January 2000 相似文献
17.
We examined the genetic identities of 49 individuals of four species of eels in the genus Anguilla Shaw, A. anguilla, A. japonica, A. reinhardti and A. rostrata, using the random(ly) amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR technique. We used 15 random decamer primers. Out of the 22 148
amplification products detected, 454 markers were evaluated using Nei's distance coefficient, two numerical methods (neighbor-joining,
UPGMA), and phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (PAUP). Both numerical and parsimony methods were congruent and confirmed
the specific status of all four examined Anguilla species. In all dendrograms, all individuals of each of the species clustered together within four closed groups with highly
significant bootstrap values (between 97 and 100%). Additionally 1 to 18 species-specific monomorphic diagnostic fragments
were detected in three of the species; none were detected in A. anguilla. Mean interspecific genetic distances ranged from 0.384 to 0.559, with the minimum between A. anguilla and A. rostrata and the maximum between A. anguilla and A. reinhardti. Individuals collected at one locality and belonging to a single species did not cluster together, and neither were any diagnostic
monomorphic fragments found for individuals of single localities. This probably reflects a random dispersal of larvae in ocean
currents before they reach coastal waters. Among all possible species pairs, only the two Atlantic species were consistently
clustered in all dendrograms, with highly significant bootstrap values (100%). Additionally, we detected ten diagnostic markers
for this pair of eel species. From RAPD data, we suggest a phylogram which was routed by the descending analysis method: A. reinhardti appears to have been the first species to diverge from a putative common ancestor of the four eel species. Later, A. japonica separated from the hypothetical ancestor of the Atlantic species, which then split recently into A. anguilla and A. rostrata. The close relationship of A. anguilla and A. rostrata is indicated by their low genetic distance (GD = 0.384) and a high degree of shared RAPD fragments (SF = 71.2%); this compares with the following means for all other species pairs: ( = 0.531, = 44.2%). The prerequisites for using RAPD data for the reconstruction of phylogenies are discussed.
Received: 2 September 1999 / Accepted: 8 May 2000 相似文献
18.
Acoustic telemetry was used to examine patterns of activity and space utilisation of coelacanths, nocturnal predators which
spend the day in submarine caves. Nine coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) were tracked, each for a period of 1 to 16 nights at Grande Comore, West Indian Ocean. Activities lasted on average 9 h,
usually starting shortly after sunset and ending before sunrise. Vertically, coelacanths moved up and down at and below cave
level by following the bottom contour, mainly between 180 and 400 m depth. The deepest record was 698 m, the shallowest 133 m.
Most time was spent between 200 and 300 m depth. Large individuals performed deep excursions to depths below 400 m, usually
once per night. The fish spent most time in water temperatures of 15 to 19 °C; they rarely ventured into waters warmer than
22 °C measured at depths shallower than 160 m depth. Horizontally, coelacanths stayed in narrow areas ranging from <1 to 10 km
of coastline. Coelacanths are extremely slow drift-hunters with an estimated average swimming speed of 3.2 m min−1, often travelling not more than 3 km per night. They probably take advantage of local upwelling and downwelling and slow
currents occurring parallel to the steep slopes. This study shows that coelacanths are inhabitants of the subphotic zone,
where they are active mainly below the depth of their daytime refuges.
Received: 7 July 1999 / Accepted: 11 February 2000 相似文献
19.
Although oysters are commercially very important in Brazil, there is still much dispute about the number of Crassostrea species occurring on the Brazilian coast. The dispute is centered around C. brasiliana, considered by some authors to be a junior synonym of C. rhizophorae. In this paper we compared, by allozyme electrophoresis, sympatric and allopatric populations of the two putative species.
Of the 17 loci analysed, five were diagnostic for the two species in sympatry (gene identity = 0.46 to 0.47), clearly demonstrating
that they are distinct biological species. Heterozygosity (h) levels were high for both species (h = 0.24 to 0.28), and no heterozygote deficiencies were observed in any population (local inbreeding, F
IS
= 0.141; P > 0.70). Levels of population structure in C. rhizophorae along 1300 km of coast were very low (population inbreeding, F
ST
= 0.026; P > 0.15), indicating that the planktonic, planktotrophic larvae of these species are capable of long-range dispersal.
Received: 14 January 1999 / Accepted: 8 December 1999 相似文献
20.
Molecular phylogeny and population structure of tideland snails in the genus Cerithidea around Japan
Phylogenetic relationships and genetic population structures were analyzed for tideland gastropods in the genus Cerithidea around Japan on the basis of partial sequence of the mitochondrial COI gene. Large genetic divergence was shown between individuals of Cerithidea cingulata in the southern Ryukyus and those in the central Ryukyus and the Japanese Islands. Haplotypes of C. cingulata from the Japanese Islands were paraphyletic with the exclusion of a monophyletic group from the central Ryukyus. Genetic differentiation of C. cingulata was also detected between Amami-Oshima Island and Okinawajima Island. No genetic divergence was found between Cerithidea rhizophorarum in the Japanese Islands and its subspecies C. rhizophorarum morchii in the Ryukyu Islands. The lack of genetic divergence of Cerithidea largillierti between continental China and Japan suggests relatively recent migration between the Japanese Islands and the Asian continent. For all three Cerithidea species distributed in both the Japanese Islands and the Ryukyu Islands, the Tokara Gap and the Kerama Gap were shown to have acted as barriers to the dispersal. 相似文献