Influences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes of the Yangtze Estuary, China

Nutrient flux to the sea through the estuary is important to the health of the sea. Combining natural processes with anthropogenic activities, we discuss the influence on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes to the Yangtze River basin, to the estuary and to the sea. The fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to the estuary through the river/estuary interface are obviously higher than those to the sea through to the estuary/sea interface of the Yangtze estuary. The changes in nutrient fluxes through different interfaces are largely due to the estuarine hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Household, livestock and agricultural runoff are major sources of nitrogen from human activities, and household and livestock contribute to an increase in the anthropogenic phosphorus. The fluxes of DIN and DIP from economic activities account for about one-third of DIN and DIP fluxes to the sea through the Yangtze estuary.     

Relationships between spatial and temporal variabilities in airborne metal distributions in Won Ju City, Korea

The relationship between temporal and spatial factors in controlling the metal distribution characteristics was investigated using the monthly metal concentration data collected from four distinctive sampling sites (grassland, residential, commercial, and industrial site) of Won Ju City, Kang Won province for approximately 4-year periods between 1991 and 1995. In order to compare the relative role of spatial and temporal factors, two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to these data sets. For the application of this method, temporal factors were investigated in terms of both annual and seasonal basis. The results of our data analysis indicated several interesting aspects of metal-to-metal distribution behavior such that: (1) Pb, Fe, and Cu tend to exhibit strong variabilities in both spatial and temporal scale, (2) the distribution variabilities for Mn are almost negligible in both temporal and spatial scale, (3) Cd is more variable in temporal, rather than spatial, sense, and (4) Cr and Ni can exhibit more variable patterns depending on temporal scale selected for data analysis. On the basis of this study, the relative roles of spatial and temporal factors are described in relation to each other and to different metal species.     

中国雾霾空间分布特征及影响因素分析

近年来我国雾霾天气频发,以PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为核心的大气污染物对人体健康和大气环境质量造成了严重威胁,已经成为当前不容忽视且亟需解决的重大民生问题和环境问题,深入分析雾霾污染的形成原因和影响因素对于科学制定切实有效的治霾政策具有重要的现实意义。本文基于我国288个地级以上城市2015年1月—2017年2月的月均空气质量AQI数据,首先采用空间统计方法对雾霾污染空间分布的季节特征进行可视化描述,其次通过空间自相关指数对雾霾污染的空间集聚特征进行了实证检验,最后在此基础上建立空间计量模型对影响雾霾污染的社会经济因素进行了经验识别。结果表明:(1)我国雾霾污染的季节性特征明显,夏季空气质量状况最好,春季和秋季次之,冬季污染最严重且波及范围广,其中河北南部、河南北部、山西南部和陕西关中地区是污染重灾区,季均空气质量均为中度污染以上。(2)雾霾污染存在显著的空间正相关特征,我国东部沿海地区表现为显著的低低集聚,华北平原及周边地区呈现显著的高高集聚特征。(3)空间回归结果显示,我国雾霾污染与经济增长的关系在一定程度上与EKC曲线假说相符,其中二产畸高的产业结构、民用汽车保有量的增多和省会城市均对雾霾污染有显著的正向促进作用,但人口密度和绿化水平对雾霾污染的影响并不显著。因此,治霾政策应坚持城市内部以促进产业结构转型升级、鼓励使用新能源汽车和共享单车、疏散省会城市的职能为主,城市外部应以区域联防联控为主,从而达到缓解和改善大气环境的目的。     

Seasonal modulation of sex-related differences in hippocampus size and spatial behavior in bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus (Rodentia, Cricetidae)

Male and female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were compared with respect to seasonal variation in hippocampus size and dynamics of spatial behavior during the annual population cycle. The winter decrease in the size of the hippocampus (the brain region involved in the processing of spatial information about the environment) in young autumn-born voles coincided in time with reduction of their home ranges and did not differ significantly between males and females. The growth of the hippocampus in spring, after winter regression, was higher in males (19–28% in different populations) than in females (8–20%) and coincided with an increase in spatial activity, which was also more distinct in males. A significantly greater hippocampus size in males during the breeding period correlated with their higher mobility (reflected in capture rate) and greater size of home ranges. Thus, parallel seasonal modulation of sex-related differences in hippocampus size and spatial behavior was revealed: sexual dimorphism in these characters was insignificant among young voles in autumn; disappeared in winter; manifested itself again, synchronously in both characters, in early spring (with the onset of puberty); and reached a peak in summer.     

丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。     

Functioning of a Multispecies Haul-out of True Seals (Phocidae) in the Oil Production Region on the Shelf of Sakhalin Island

The results of observation of a seal haul-out at the mouth of Piltun Bay on the northeastern Sakhalin coast conducted from 1997 to 2001 are reported. The species composition and spatial structure of the seal haul-out have been studied. The haul-out community is dominated by the largha seal, which is more numerous than the ringed seal and bearded seal throughout the ice-free period. The characteristics of annual, seasonal, and daily variation in the numbers have been estimated, and their mechanisms have been determined. To date, the development of oil deposits on the northeastern Sakhalin shelf has had no negative effect on seals.     

The spatiotemporal structure of population in the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The spatiotemporal structure of the muskrat population has been studied by means of the prenatal radioactive marking of juveniles with 45 Ca and their subsequent recapture in the test area. The muskrat population is characterized by a cyclic type of spatial structure, with seasonal transition from a mosaic type of settling to a diffuse type and, after the breeding season, vice versa.     

基于OMI数据的京津冀地区对流层NO2浓度遥感监测

为了解京津冀地区对流层NO2垂直柱浓度的时空变化,利用Aura卫星上OMI传感器反演获取2005~2016年对流层NO2垂直柱浓度数据进行分析。结果表明：京津冀地区的NO2垂直柱浓度空间分布呈现出从中部和东南平原地区向西北坝上高原地区逐渐降低的趋势,并且发现,京津冀地区的12 a的年均季节空间分布与NO2柱浓度年均空间分布趋势相似;京津冀地区NO2柱浓度月均值呈现出以每年为一个周期的波浪形变化,年均增长率为2.66%。2005~2010年京津冀地区的NO2年柱浓度值处于上升趋势,2014~2015年NO2浓度急剧下降,2016年又开始上升。京津冀地区NO2柱浓度值有季节差异,大体上呈现秋季、冬季高于春夏两季,冬季最高,夏季最低。利用线性拟合发现,京津冀的地面监测NO2柱浓度值和OMI传感器获取的NO2柱浓度值整体上显著相关且相关性很高。 关键词： 对流层NO2浓度;OMI数据;时空变化;京津冀地区     

汉江堵河流域地表水质时空变化特征

对汉江堵河流域9个点位为期1年的地表水水质理化特性进行时空特征分析，应用〖WTBX〗t〖WTBZ〗检验进行水质季节性变化分析，聚类分析进行空间相似性分析以确定空间尺度的分类情况，判别分析识别显著性指标，并以此反映上述空间聚类分析结果的差异性。结果表明:①Cl-、总溶解性固体（TDS）及浊度（Turbidity） 3项指标没有表现出显著的时间差异性；②温度、pH、NO-3、TP表现为丰水季显著大于枯水季，而SO2-4、HCO-3、NH+4、 DO则表现出相反的变化趋势，即枯水季显著大于丰水季；③空间聚类分析将采样点分为4类；④判别分析体现出良好的指标降维能力，仅需4个指标（NO-3、TDS、SO2-4、HCO-3）即可反映整体水质的空间差异性。     

Estimating the amount and distribution of radon flux density from the soil surface in China

Based on an idealized model, both the annual and the seasonal radon ((222)Rn) flux densities from the soil surface at 1099 sites in China were estimated by linking a database of soil (226)Ra content and a global ecosystems database. Digital maps of the (222)Rn flux density in China were constructed in a spatial resolution of 25 km x 25 km by interpolation among the estimated data. An area-weighted annual average (222)Rn flux density from the soil surface across China was estimated to be 29.7+/-9.4 mBq m(-2)s(-1). Both regional and seasonal variations in the (222)Rn flux densities are significant in China. Annual average flux densities in the southeastern and northwestern China are generally higher than those in other regions of China, because of high soil (226)Ra content in the southeastern area and high soil aridity in the northwestern one. The seasonal average flux density is generally higher in summer/spring than winter, since relatively higher soil temperature and lower soil water saturation in summer/spring than other seasons are common in China.     

Seasonal spatial differentiation of sex groups in populations of resident bat species (Chiroptera,Vespertilionidae) in the Southern Urals

On the basis of studies on the ecology of boreal bat species in the Southern Urals (1997–2004), the first classification of their summer habitats has been made. It has been shown that spatial segregation of sex groups into areas of two types, designated wintering and breeding zones, takes place in populations in the period of offspring rearing. In females, seasonal migrations are guided by imprinting on sites providing sufficient food for offspring rearing and on wintering sites. In males, imprinting on wintering sites alone is observed.     

环长株潭城市群空间联系演变特征与对策研究

科学揭示城市群内在空间联系特征是诊断问题与优化对策,以实现可持续发展的关键所在。在城市综合质量指标评价体系和可达性分析基础上,基于空间相互联系、对外服务扩散能力、对内集聚影响力等层面方法集成对2006年以来环长株潭城市群的空间联系展开了实证分析。结果表明：城市群空间相互作用呈现出以长沙-株洲-湘潭为核心的内心圈层结构,交通科技对城市空间联系产生的时间压缩效应明显,空间联系网络格局出现进一步扩大的趋势;对外服务扩散能力北高南低、东北高西北低,但区域差异程度得到较大幅度的改善,呈现出以长沙为主核心的圈层模式与常德市为副中心的极核模式并存的局面;长沙是城市群集聚的核心,益阳、娄底、常德处于城市对内集聚影响的低位区,城市群对内集聚影响能力沿高铁线路分布和拓展,长昆客运专线开通后核心地带开始呈现出向西偏移的态势;针对城市群存在极核结构依然明显、内核圈层尚处雏形、区域网络联动效应较差、基础配套有待加强的问题,提出了加强区域产业协作、优化战略政策和完善一体化交通体系的建议。     

Spatial and temporal variability of composition of urban effluents in the island of Lesvos, Greece

The spatial and temporal variability in the composition of effluents of the coastal town of Mytilene, island of Lesvos, Greece, was investigated in 8 sewers of the town. Differences were found in the quality of effluents between the old and new parts of the town and were attributed mainly to the different design and construction of the sewers, as well as to the occasional discharge of septage into the sewerage network in parts of the town. During summer the population and water consumption increase, leading to partial dilution of the organic load. However, in the same period (July), the concentrations of dissolved Zn and particulate Pb were enriched. The reasons for such an increase are not clear. At present the seasonal metal peaks (Pb and Zn) are attributed to the increased traffic (Pb and Zn) and to increased corrosion under the prevailing weather conditions of the water supply network, which includes a very large number of galvanized storage tanks (Zn).     

长江三角洲城市群空气质量时空分布特征

基于数理统计、空间插值技术、相关性分析与GIS地图表达,研究长江三角洲城市群AQI及各空气含量因子污染浓度的时间、空间分布特征。通过提取国务院最新规划的长江三角洲城市群空间分布数据,划分研究区为"一核五圈",探讨了空气质量指数的时间变化特征和AQI、首要污染物的空间分布规律,定量评价了AQI与其污染因子的相关性,结果表明:(1)时间变化上,长三角城市群空气质量季均变化规律为夏季最好,冬季最差;月均变化呈波浪形分布,在1月份的平均浓度皆为最高;周均变化为:在一周后半段达到一周最大值;(2)空间分布上,分季节看,AQI在春、秋、冬三季空间梯度变化显著,呈现北高、南低的分布格局。在首要污染物的分布上,以PM_(2.5)和O_3均分长三角地区;(3)PM_(2.5)含量空间分布与AQI有较高相似性,均处于北高南低的分布状态,臭氧分布呈现东高西低,即较发达的城市臭氧含量相对较高的空间分布格局。最后通过相关性计算,AQI与PM_(2.5)相关性显著,与O_3没有明显相关性,为长三角大气污染防治提供依据。     

基于MODIS AOD数据的南京市大气能见度估算

以南京市为研究区,利用MODIS气溶胶产品数据(MOD04L2)获取研究区气溶胶标高数据,结合地面气象站点能见度观测数据,构建研究区不同季节能见度估算模型,估算南京市2013年能见度时空分布。研究结果表明,研究区能见度模型估算值与实测值总体趋势较为一致,分季节模型能见度估算均值相对误差为14.3%;南京市2013年能见度年均值为6.07km,大致呈现出由市区向周边郊区逐渐升高的趋势;研究区不同季节能见度差异明显,夏季能见度显著高于其他3个季节,在该季节全市能见度均值达到9.93km,约为其余3个季节均值的2倍左右,气候状况与经济社会发展布局是影响研究区能见度时空差异的主要因素。     

经济集聚对雾霾污染影响的空间计量研究——以长江三角洲地区为例

雾霾污染是困扰中国经济发展的重大民生与环境问题。基于改进产出密度模型,运用地统计和空间计量模型分析长三角城市2015~2017年雾霾污染空间格局和影响因素。研究发现：（1）雾霾污染存在季节性变化特征并且各城市雾霾污染状况逐渐好转。（2）雾霾污染具有显著的局域集聚特征和空间异质性,杭州、宁波和台州呈现低－低集聚特征,而滁州、扬州、镇江和泰州为高－高集聚型,污染区域集中于省界处,污染程度自西北向东南逐渐降低。雾霾污染存在显著的城际空间正相关和空间溢出效应,周边城市雾霾污染对本地区会产生负影响。（3）长三角城市人口集聚、研发投入、产业结构、工业烟粉尘排放及城市建设均对雾霾污染产生正向影响,对外开放、能源消耗以及降水等因素对雾霾污染产生负向影响;雾霾污染与经济增长之间不存在库兹涅茨曲线关系。经济集聚通过优化生产要素的空间分布与组合、共享治污基础设施等,形成雾霾污染抑制作用。     

Simulation of Rabies Epizootic Process in Fox Populations at a Limited Carrying Capacity of Biotopes

To describe the epizootic process of rabies in fox populations, a model based on a cellular automata network (Toffoli and Margolus, 1991) was constructed. The cell state and the rules of transition from one state to another were determined in accordance with a modification of the previous model based on a differential equation system, which was proposed to describe the epizootics of fox rabies in Western Europe. The new model provides the possibility of simulating spatial heterogeneity and indices of animal mobility related, in particular, to the seasonal features of fox ecology. Calculations were made using population parameters characteristic of biotopes with a low carrying capacity (the steppe zone of Western Siberia). According to the model, the maintenance of rabies epizootics in these biotopes is possible on condition that the mobility of foxes in them is much higher than in the biotopes with a high carrying capacity. This model can be used for prognosis and epidemiological control in natural rabies foci.     

汉江流域降水结构时空特征及影响因素分析

利用汉江流域32个气象站1961~2016年逐日降水资料,分析了汉江流域降水时空分布特征,并探讨了海温及大气环流对流域降水的影响。结果表明：雨量和雨日空间分布相似,小雨、中雨的雨量和雨日由西南向东北递减,降水中心位于西南和东南部;流域东北部大雨以上量级降水由偏少转为偏多,而雨强空间分布则没有明显规律。流域降水集中度自东南向西北逐渐增加,降水集中期逐渐推迟。海温对降水的影响存在季节差异,春季、夏季和秋季降水分别受前期南印度洋、热带北大西洋和热带中东太平洋海温影响,冬季降水则受海温影响不明显;大尺度大气环流对降水存在影响,冬季欧亚遥相关型和春季西太平洋遥相关型均引起冬季风强度变化来影响冬季和春季降水,夏季副高位置和乌山阻高以及秋季巴湖低槽和印缅槽强度则均通过冷空气和暖湿气流强度及交汇位置来影响夏季和秋季降水。     

Spatial variability of precipitation in Spain

The spatial variability of annual and seasonal precipitation in the conterminous land of Spain has been evaluated by using correlation decay distance analysis (CDD). The CDD analysis essentially explores how the correlation between neighbouring stations varies according to distance. We analysed CDD independently for the decades 1956–1965, 1966–1975, 1976–1985, 1986–1995, and 1996–2005 using only those stations with no missing values for each decade. To this end, 972, 1,174, 1,242, 773 and 695 complete series were used for each decade, respectively. In particular, for each station and decade, we calculated the threshold distance at which the common variance between target (i) and neighbour series is higher than 50 % (r ²  = 0.5) to evaluate whether current density of the climate data set captures the spatial variability of precipitation within the study area. Results indicate that, at an annual scale, neighbouring stations with 50 % of common variance are restricted on average to about 105 km, but this distance can vary from 28 to 251 km within the study area. The lowest variability is located to the SW and in winter, while the higher spatial variability is found to the north, in the Cantabrian area, and to the east, in the Mediterranean and Pyrenees, during summer. Our results suggest that current density of climate stations (those operating in 2005) is good enough to study precipitation variability at an annual scale for winter, spring and autumn, but not enough for summer.     

基于GEV干旱指数和DFA方法的苏北地区季节性干旱研究

为分析近年来江苏省苏北地区季节性干旱灾害特征,利用苏北五市1989~2013年的逐月降水量资料,建立月降水量的广义极值分布函数,通过分析广义极值干旱指数(GEVI),研究苏北五市近25a的季节性干旱分布和干旱等级的时空变化特点。在此基础上,利用去趋势波动分析方法(DFA)对苏北五市月平均降水量的周期性规律进行研究。结果表明,苏北五市的月降水量均服从广义极值Fréchet概率分布,且具有从西北(徐州)地区向东南沿海(盐城)地区递增的空间分布特征,整体上属于干旱灾害频发的地区,且以轻旱为主且季节性特征明显。苏北五市的月降水量存在幂律相关性,即降水量具有较强的正长程相关性,因此,未来苏北地区干旱的总体趋势将与过去特征正相关。