新型冻干法生态殡葬的研究探讨

土葬、火葬等传统殡葬方式对城市土地构成了越来越沉重的压力,体现节地、绿色等现代环保理念的新型冻干生态殡葬应运而生。冻干法殡葬（又称为Promession）最初是由瑞典人Wiigh-Msak开发出的一种遗体处理方法：遗体经液氮冷冻、粉化、干燥后,浅埋于地下,进入生态循环。本文比较了土葬、火葬、生态葬的优劣,综述了国内外冻干法生态殡葬的研究进展,提出了冻干葬法的技术难点及解决方案。本文为改革和创新遗体处理方式,推行生态葬法,倡导绿色、人文、科技殡葬,提出了新思路。     

《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》实施对火化炉烟气二噁英减排的影响

为调查殡葬行业大气污染物排放新标准《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13801—2015)实施4年后火化烟气中二英(PCDD/Fs)的污染排放特征及其对行业的影响,在我国南方地区选取了32台火化炉,对其排放烟气中PCDD/Fs水平、影响因素、排放因子进行了研究,并评估标准实施4年后的效果. 结果表明:①火化烟气PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计,下同)为0.033~7.4 ng/m3,平均值为1.1 ng/m3,PCDD/Fs超标率为56.2%,其中拣灰炉和平板炉超标率分别为62.5%和50.0%. 与GB 13801—2015实施前相比,火化炉废气中PCDD/Fs排放浓度显著下降,说明PCDD/Fs污染减排成效明显,但排放水平和超标率仍较高. ②有无废气处理工艺、运行管理水平、随葬品数量与PCDD/Fs排放浓度密切相关. 废气处理设施缺失或无法正常运行时PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度为0.32~7.4 ng/m3,平均值为2.5 ng/m3,超标率达75.0%;配备“活性炭吸附(ACI)+布袋除尘(BF)”工艺且运行正常时,PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.033~4.5 ng/m3,平均值为0.83 ng/m3,超标率为58.3%,可能与部分处理设施使用率低、运行不佳和维护不到位等原因有关. 指纹特征显示,无废气处理工艺时七氯代、八氯代同系物占比较高;配备“ACI+BF”处理设施时以四氯代、五氯代同系物为主,证实该工艺组合主要去除高氯代同系物. ③火化炉废气PCDD/Fs排放因子(以I-TEQ计,下同)为67.8~39 981 ng/具,平均值为4 217 ng/具,显著低于联合国环境规划署(UNEP)于2005年发布的第1和第2级排放因子(分别为90和10 μg/具),但高于其优化控制措施的排放因子(0.4 μg/具). 研究显示,未来需加强对我国遗体火化PCDD/Fs减排的技术帮扶及排放因子的更新.      

贵州乌江渡水库沉积速率及碳氮埋藏通量估算

我国西南地区峡谷型梯级水库沉积物的碳汇效应对全球碳循环有着重要意义。为了探明该区域水库的碳汇强度,本研究选择乌江流域的乌江渡水库作为研究对象,于2015年5月对水库沉积物进行采样,并利用210Pbex核素计年技术,结合沉积物碳氮分析,估算乌江渡水库的碳埋藏量。结果表明:乌江渡水库沉积物平均沉积速率为0.155g/(cm~2·a),TOC沉降通量为70.85g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为29.14g/(m~2·a);TN沉降通量为8.22g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为2.79g/(m~2·a)。乌江渡水库沉积物年均TOC总埋藏通量为1.39×10~9g/a,其中82%来自水库内部光合作用形成的有机质。因此,依据保守的估算,乌江渡水库沉积物的净碳汇通量为23.9g/(m~2·a),保存的净碳汇量为1.1×10~9g/a。研究结果表明水库沉积物是一个重要的碳汇。     

Global warming contributions from wheat,sheep meat and wool production in Victoria,Australia – a life cycle assessment

This paper compares the life cycle global warming potential of three of Australia’s important agricultural production activities – the production of wheat, meat and wool in grazed subterranean clover (sub-clover) dominant pasture and mixed pasture (perennial ryegrass/phalaris/sub-clover/grass and cape weed) systems. Two major stages are presented in this life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis: pre-farm, and on-farm. The pre-farm stage includes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural machinery, fertilizer, and pesticide production and the emissions from the transportation of these inputs to paddock. The on-farm stage includes GHG emissions due to diesel use in on-farm transport and processing (e.g. seeding, spraying, harvesting, topdressing, sheep shearing), and non-CO₂ (nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄)) emissions from pastures and crop grazing of lambs.The functional unit of this life cycle analysis is the GHG emissions (carbon dioxide equivalents – CO₂ -e) from 1 kg of wheat, sheep meat and wool produced from sub-clover, wheat and mixed pasture plots. The GHG emissions (e.g. CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ emission) from the production, transportation and use of inputs (e.g. fertilizer, pesticide, farm machinery operation) during pre-farm and on-farm stages are also included. The life cycle GHG emissions of 1 kg of wool is significantly higher than that of wheat and sheep meat. The LCA analysis identified that the on-farm stage contributed the most significant portion of total GHG emissions from the production of wheat, sheep meat and wool. This LCA analysis also identified that CH₄ emissions from enteric methane production and from the decomposition of manure accounted for a significant portion of the total emissions from sub-clover and mixed pasture production, whilst N₂O emissions from the soil have been found to be the major source of GHG emissions from wheat production.     

Forensic entomology

Necrophagous insects are important in the decomposition of cadavers. The close association between insects and corpses and the use of insects in medicocriminal investigations is the subject of forensic entomology. The present paper reviews the historical background of this discipline, important postmortem processes, and discusses the scientific basis underlying attempts to determine the time interval since death. Using medical techniques, such as the measurement of body temperature or analysing livor and rigor mortis, time since death can only be accurately measured for the first two or three days after death. In contrast, by calculating the age of immature insect stages feeding on a corpse and analysing the necrophagous species present, postmortem intervals from the first day to several weeks can be estimated. These entomological methods may be hampered by difficulties associated with species identification, but modern DNA techniques are contributing to the rapid and authoritative identification of necrophagous insects. Other uses of entomological data include the toxicological examination of necrophagous larvae from a corpse to identify and estimate drugs and toxicants ingested by the person when alive and the proof of possible postmortem manipulations. Forensic entomology may even help in investigations dealing with people who are alive but in need of care, by revealing information about cases of neglect.     

模拟湿地水分变化对小叶章枯落物分解及氮动态的影响

2005年5月-2006年9月,利用三江平原典型碟形洼地的自然水分梯度作为水分变化研究的替代系统,结合分解袋法,模拟研究了湿地水分变化对典型草甸小叶章(TMC)和沼泽化草甸小叶章(MMC)枯落物分解及氮动态的可能影响.试验沿水分梯度设漂筏苔草群落(PF)、毛果苔草群落(MG)、乌拉苔草群落(WL)、沼泽化草甸小叶章群落(XII)、典型草甸小叶章群落(XI)和岛状林群落(DZL)6个分解小区.研究表明.水分条件对枯落物分解有重要影响,当未来降水格局变化导致小叶章湿地形成积水环境后,TMC和MMC枯落物的失重率分别将增加4.33%-16.76%和24.84%-53.97%.分解速率将增加10.51%-32.73%和77.85%-93.92%,95%分解时间将减少0.72-1.85 a和3.67-4.05 a;TMC和MMC枯落物的氮含量及氮积累指数的变化较为一致.但不同小区间的变化模式差异较大.二者枯落物的氮在DZL、XI、WL、MG和PF小区整体上均表现处出释放累积的交替变化特征.但仍以释放过程为主.在XII小区,氮在整个时期一直表现为释放.C/N分解过程中氮养分的调控作用更为重要;TMC和MMC枯落物的氮现存量分别为12.75 g·m-2和8.29 g·m-2.氮年归还量分别大于1.95 g·(m2·a)-1和2.25g·(m2·a)-1;温度对枯落物相对分解速率具有促进作用,水分条件对其具有抑制作用.当分解环境的养分状况不发生较大变化时,相对分解速率取决于枯落物基质质量,当养分状况发生较大改变时,相对分解速率取决于环境养分供给状况.     

A new test of random walks in heterogeneous environments

Environmental heterogeneities can change animal movement in two different manners. First, they can modify movement characteristics (move lengths or turning angles), in which case the movement remains of the diffusive kind. Second, they can bias displacement towards a particular direction in which case it becomes non-diffusive. We propose in this paper a simple method that only requires computing the mean length of a sample of trajectories in some bounded area to distinguish between these two kinds of movement. We show through simulations that the method allows to detect the presence of heterogeneities that orient animal movement. We apply it to experimental trajectories of Messor sancta ants engaged in corpse aggregation to show that their displacement is oriented at the contact of the formed corpse piles and that their trajectories become non-diffusive.     

富营养化湖泊藻华腐解产生的溶解性有机质动态变化及其环境效应

富营养化和有害藻华是湖泊面临的主要环境问题,富营养化湖泊藻华在后期会发生衰亡和腐解并产生大量藻源溶解性有机质（DOM）,影响水体DOM的质量和活性,并对关键元素的生物地球化学循环产生重要调控作用.为探究不同富营养化程度湖泊水体藻华腐解过程,对藻华腐解过程中水体DOM总量、生物有效性、相对分子质量和组分的动态变化进行分析,并探讨了藻华腐解引发的环境效应.结果表明,藻华腐解显著提高DOM浓度、生物有效性和各荧光组分强度.随着腐解的进行,DOM浓度逐渐降低,而相对分子质量逐渐增大.在分子水平上,超高分辨率质谱结果显示腐解过程中不饱和烃和脂肪族化合物优先被微生物利用,并生成木质素、缩合烃和高O/C值的单宁酸等惰性分子.藻华腐解过程中细菌群落主要优势种从变形菌门（46%）逐渐变为拟杆菌门（42%）.此外,藻华腐解还导致水体CO₂和CH₄排放显著升高1.2~5倍,且排放量可以由DOM光学指标a₂₅₄预测.该结果为全面揭示藻华腐解过程中DOM特征的动态变化,以及湖泊富营养化治理和环境效应预测提供理论依据和科学支撑.     

To use or not to use torpor? Activity and body temperature as predictors

When food is limited and/or environmental conditions are unfavourable, many mammals reduce activity and use torpor to save energy. Nevertheless, reliable predictors for torpor occurrence, especially in the wild, are currently not available. Interrelations between torpor use and other energy conserving strategies are also poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that reductions in normothermic body temperature (T _b) and the period of activity before torpor events could be used as predictors for torpor occurrence in sugar gliders, Petaurus breviceps (body mass, ∼125 g), known to display daily torpor in the wild. Occurrence of torpor was preceded by significant (∼10–25%) reductions of the duration of the activity phase. Moreover, the normothermic resting T _b fell by an average of 1.2°C over 3 days before a torpor event, relative to individuals that did not display torpor. Our new findings suggest that before entering torpor, sugar gliders, which appear to use torpor as an emergency measure rather than a routine energy saving strategy, systematically reduce activity times and normothermic resting T _bs to lower energy expenditure and perhaps to avoid employing torpor. Thus, reduced activity and normothermic T _b may provide a predictive tool for the occurrence of daily torpor in the wild.     

Development of LCIA characterisation factors for land use impacts on biodiversity

The UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative has recently proposed a framework for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of land use. Still, a lack of appropriate LCIA-methods for assessing land use impacts exist in life cycle assessment (LCA). Most existing methods are either too coarse-grained regarding the differentiation between different land use types (e.g. conventional farming versus organic farming), or they are too narrow regarding spatial coverage (e.g. only part of Europe). Therefore, the purpose of this article is to develop a method that overcomes these problems. A secondary goal is to develop a method for which it is possible to determine characterisation factors for any land use type in any region without the need for overwhelming data and data manipulation requirements. The developed method for LCIA of biodiversity focuses on species richness of vascular plants which can be determined from species–area curves. The category indicator is calculated as the multiplication of occupied area, the number of species affected per standard area (100 m²), the duration of occupation and renaturalisation from transformation, and a factor for ecosystem vulnerability. The main uncertainties of the method are related to the determination of renaturalisation times and the establishment species–area curves. The intention of the study presented in this article, i.e. to develop an applicable model with global coverage and no constraints on resolution regarding spatial and land use type differentiation, has widely been met. The limiting factor for applicability is the access to species richness surveys for the relevant regions and land use types. But still, the method shows that, with limited efforts, it is possible to calculate characterisation factors for a large range of land use types in different parts of the world.     

宇宙成因核素26Al/10Be约束贵州涟江流域沉积物埋藏历史

贵州喀斯特地区位于青藏高原向丘陵地貌转换过渡带,区内发育多级层状地貌面,是研究区域构造-气候-剥蚀耦合作用的天然实验场。本文测定了贵州省惠水县境内涟江I级阶地沉积物中原位宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be和²⁶Al浓度,通过暴露-埋藏模型对沉积物埋藏历史和物源进行研究。与前人研究结果相比,涟江流域单核素剥蚀速率（¹⁰Be平均剥蚀速率为10.85±0.97 m/Ma）显著低于贵州高原其他流域。结合双核素暴露-埋藏模型,研究结果表明更新世以来沉积物样品可能经历了复杂暴露-埋藏-再暴露过程,其物源可能是异地埋藏或洞穴堆积等非稳态剥蚀区。宇宙成因核素对²⁶Al-¹⁰Be联用能有效判别非稳态剥蚀过程,弥补了单核素不能表征沉积物埋藏历史的不足。     

关于废水中氮和磷的去除研究

废水中存在的氮和磷一旦排入天然水体,就会造成藻类繁殖和水体的富营养化,因此将氮和磷从废水中有效去除是非常必需的.本文从污水处理厂提高脱氮除磷的工艺出发进行研究,对进一步强化仅通过生物作用去除氮、磷的二级污水处理厂的处理工艺,将深度处理单元加入到污水处理厂中,减少出水指标和对地表水的影响很有意义.     

海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用

近年来,海洋微塑料污染已成为全球关注的重要环境问题。海洋中广泛存在的微塑料可被藻类吸附、微生物定植,亦可被海洋动物摄食并蓄积。生物与微塑料之间的相互作用必然会改变微塑料的物理、化学性质,及其在海洋中的迁移转化。因此,本文系统地阐述了海洋生物对微塑料的吸附、摄入、蓄积与排泄等关键过程;重点总结了微塑料在海洋生物过程(如排泄、与海洋雪团聚、形成生物膜以及生物扰动)影响下的沉降-埋藏等迁移过程;深入讨论了海洋动物对微塑料的摄食、消化过程以及微生物的分解作用导致的微塑料破碎、降解以及塑料添加剂和吸附污染物的释放过程及其机理。本文阐明了海洋生物对微塑料迁移转化的调控作用,为理解海洋微塑料的环境归趋提供理论依据。     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统处理城镇污水工程规模试验研究

在生物接触氧化池中接种霍甫水丝蚓形成水蚯蚓与微生物的共生系统,水蚯蚓附着在填料的外层.当水蚯蚓湿重质量浓度为31.3 g/L左右时,系统中形成"污染物-微生物-水蚯蚓"循环食物链并基本达到平衡.长时间处理水量为20·000 m~3·d~(-1)的现场大规模对比工程试验研究表明,水蚯蚓可全面提高出水水质.当进水COD为130～459 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N为14.21～27.46 mg·L~(-1),TP 为1.60～6.93 mg·L~(-1),SS为60～466 mg·L~(-1)时,可使COD去除率提高8.7%,SS去除率提高13.6%.水蚯蚓会使系统的氨氮有所增加,适当的运行方式可使氨氮出水稳定在5mg·L~(-1)以下.水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统具有很好的除磷效果,有很强的抗冲击负荷能力及较大的处理潜能.     

Leaf litter ecological fate in the Schelde Estuary in Belgium

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秸秆与氮肥配比对农田土壤内外源碳释放的影响

秸秆配施氮肥调节C/N 比不仅影响外源秸秆的矿化,也影响内源土壤有机碳(SOC)的分解(即激发效应),因此研究秸秆与氮肥配比对土壤内外源有机碳分解的影响,对于农田温室气体减排和土壤肥力提升具有双重意义.本研究以山东桓台农田土壤为研究对象,为了探究秸秆与氮肥的配比对秸秆与SOC 分解的影响,在不同氮肥水平下,采用13C ...     

The effects of temperature on decomposition and allelopathic phytotoxicity of boneseed litter

Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental process in ecosystem function, carbon and nutrient cycling and, by extension, climate change. This study aimed to investigate the role of temperature on the decomposition of water soluble phenolics(WSP), carbon and soil nutrients in conjunction with the phytotoxicity dynamics of Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera(boneseed) litter. Treatments consisted of three factors including decomposition materials(litter alone, litter with soil and soil alone), decomposition periods and temperatures(5–15, 15–25and 25–35°C(night/day)). Leachates were collected on 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 th days to analyse physico-chemical parameters and phytotoxicity. Water soluble phenolics and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) increased with increasing temperature while nutrients like SO-24 and NO-13 decreased. Speed of germination, hypocotyl and radical length and weight of Lactuca sativa exposed to leachates were decreased with increasing decomposition temperature. All treatment components had significant effects on these parameters. There had a strong correlation between DOC and WSP, and WSP content of the leachates with radical length of test species. This study identified complex interactivity among temperature, WSP, DOC and soil nutrient dynamics of litter occupied soil and that these factors work together to influence phytotoxicity.     

Reduction of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs due to organochlorine pesticides

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene （HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, on the recruitment of A ccu＇tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI （Al50） was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.     

不同质地湿地土壤碳、氮、磷计量学及厌氧碳分解特征

为了解不同质地湿地土壤碳、氮、磷计量学及厌氧碳分解特征,对闽江河口芦苇和藨草湿地2种质地土壤(壤质土和砂土)的碳、氮、磷计量学及土壤厌氧碳分解特征进行测定与分析.结果表明:壤质土碳为14.61mg/g,氮为1.01mg/g,磷为0.64mg/g,高于砂土碳(9.02mg/g),氮(0.16mg/g)和磷(0.42mg/g).0~40cm壤质土C/N均值低于砂土,C/P、N/P高于砂土.0~40cm壤质土和砂土平均甲烷产生潜力分别为0.0072,0.0019μg/(g·d),CO2产生潜力分别为33.5134,4.9239μg/(g·d),CO2和CH4产生潜力均为壤质土高于砂土.土壤碳、氮、磷的计量学特征对厌氧碳分解具有一定的指示作用.     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂二噁英近零排放技术研究

随着生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的逐渐增多,二噁英首当其冲成为反对呼声的靶子,因此探讨二噁英的防治对策进展显得更为重要.二噁英近零排放控制技术目前主要有两种:选择性催化还原法和热解气化技术.选择性催化还原(SCR)系统一般是用来去除NOx,实际上采用合适的催化剂后,二噁英去除效率能高于90%.热解气化技术被称为第三代焚烧技术,一方面一燃室里垃圾热分解,削弱了二噁英的生成环境;另一方面,二燃室里气体燃烧,温度在1000℃以上,烟气停留时间2 s以上,保证了二噁英的充分分解.