混凝沉淀-两段接触氧化法处理制革废水工程实践

采用混凝沉淀-两段接触氧化法处理制革区综合制革废水,经过半年多稳定运行,系统COD去除率达到96%,硫化物去除率达到99.5%,处理后出水的各项指标完全达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)制革行业废水二级标准。对废水处理系统的工艺作了简单介绍,对系统调试、运行结果进行了分析与总结。     

多介质土壤层系统处理旅游型村镇生活污水的示范研究

采用投资少、处理费用低、运行管理简便的多介质土壤层(multi-soil-layering system,MSL)技术处理旅游型村镇———浙江省安吉县报福镇石岭村生活污水,该污水处理设施的日处理能力约为60 m3.d-1,系统稳定运行半年后的监测结果表明,整体系统对COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP及SS的平均去除率分别为82.7%、92.2%、94.1%、89.4%及97.1%,出水水质可稳定达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级标准。     

垃圾渗滤液组合工艺处理技术

针对垃圾渗滤液氨氮浓度高、COD浓度高、难降解物质含量高的特点,研究了MAP脱氮-生物处理-混凝组合工艺,考察了不同单元的作用及影响处理效果的因素。试验结果表明,高浓度的垃圾渗滤液经该优化组合工艺处理,污染物的去除率为COD97.5%、BOD599.2%、NH4-N87.2%、E26075.3%。除NH4-N外,其余指标均达到了生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中规定的二级排放标准值。     

脱氮-混凝气浮-UASB-接触氧化法处理垃圾填埋渗滤液

设计了一套“脱氮-混凝气浮-UASB-接触氧化”工艺，对南京某垃圾场的垃圾渗滤液进行处理，经过半年的稳定运行实践，使处理后出水的各项指标完全达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-96)二级标准。对废水处理系统的工艺作了简单介绍，并对系统的调试、运行过程进行了技术总结。由于运行稳定、处理成本较低、易于管理，故该工艺是处理高氨氮、高浊度垃圾渗滤液的有效方法。     

生态型组合人工湿地污水处理工艺

建立了由生物调节池、好氧降解与微生物培养池、潜流湿地和表流湿地组成的生态型污水处理组合工艺系统,用以处理生活污水和试验室废水。系统连续运行2年的处理效果持续稳定,出水水质达到国家(GB 18918-2002)1级排放标准。该工艺的建设成本和运行成本低,用地面积小于2 m2/t,建设成本为300~500元/t,运行耗电量小于0.1元/t,管理维护等费用约为0.1元/t,运行合计费用小于0.2元/t,该生态型组合人工湿地所具有的环境效益、经济效益及社会效益,对于处理水量不大、水质变化不太大,管理水平不太高的广大中小城镇、居民小区尤其适用。     

催化臭氧化降解含微囊藻毒素污水

应用金属氧化物构建催化臭氧化工艺处理含微囊藻毒素污水,比较了不同催化剂的性能差异,分析了催化剂投加量、温度、pH、原水浓度对该工艺的影响.结果表明,选用CuO作催化剂能较好地处理含微囊藻毒素污水.温度与原水浓度对该工艺影响较小;催化剂投加量与pH是该工艺的主要影响因素.实验温度40℃、混合气体流量1.8 L.L-.1min-1、pH=9、催化剂投加量5 g.L-1、处理时间60 min,原水MC-LR去除率达到90%以上、COD去除率达到64%以上.处理20 min,该工艺催化作用去除MC-LR贡献率达到28%、去除COD贡献率达到52%.     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.     

Fenton——聚硅铝铁处理生活垃圾压滤液研究

为了降低生活垃圾压滤液污染负荷,为后续生化处理的正常运行创造良好条件,针对垃圾压滤液污染特性,以CODCr去除率为指标,通过正交实验和单因素实验研究了Fenton—聚硅铝铁混凝法处理城市生活垃圾压滤液的最优反应条件和处理效果。结果表明:采用该工艺处理垃圾压滤液时,pH值对CODCr去除率影响最大,其次是PSAF,再次是H2O2和FeSO4,在最优反应条件下,浊度去除率达到95.3%,CODCr去除率达到86.7%,BOD5去除率达到81.6%,浊度、CODCr、BOD5分别下降到86NTU、4201 mg.L-1、855 mg.L-1。     

城市污水处理脱磷滤料的研究

生物法除磷投资省、成本低,但稳定性较差,当废水中磷酸盐浓度较高时,出水很难达标排放.化学法除磷工艺简单,运行可靠,能达标排放,但运行费用高,产生大量污泥,导致二次污染.文章进行了第三种除磷方法即滤料除磷的研究,并探讨了污水pH及水力停留时间对滤料除磷效果的影响.试验结果表明:煤渣和改性煤渣滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到54%和71%,但处理后的出水不能达标排放;碳酸钙滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到83%,能达标排放,但处理效果与城市污水pH值密切相关.城市污水pH值在8～9的范围,出水不能达标排放;pH值在5～8的范围,处理后的出水则可以达标排放,而且污水pH越低,总磷的去除率越高,其最佳水力停留时间为10 min.该方法具有处理效果好、处理成本低、无污染、投资省、占地面积小的特点.     

曝气生物滤池不同填料处理河道污水的效果

曝气生物滤池处理河道污水,具有容积负荷大、处理效率高,占地面积小的特点,但除磷效果差.为了提高曝气生物滤池除磷效果和去除COD、NH3-N和Ss的能力,本文利用贝壳、珊瑚和经过盐酸处理的铝硅酸盐作为曝气生物滤池的填料来处理河道污水.试验结果表明:在pH为中性的条件下,贝壳和珊瑚填料不能去除河道污水的磷酸盐,但经过盐酸处理后的铝硅酸盐填料对河道污水磷酸盐的去除率可达到52.19%,与传统处理方法相比,去除率提高了30%以上;贝壳填料对COD、NH3-N和SS的去除率分别为52.73%、36.75%、53.04%,珊瑚填料去除率分别为57.29%、33.44%、51.03%,经过盐酸处理的铝硅酸盐填料去除率分别为49.29%、33.20%、64.94%;珊瑚填料处理COD效果最好,去除率达到57.29%,这与该填料具有较大的比表面有关;贝壳填料去除NH3-N效果最好,达到36.75%,但与珊瑚填料和铝硅酸盐填料相比,差异不大,最大极差仅3.55%;铝硅酸盐填料去除Ss的效果最好,达到64.94%,这可能与其颗粒小,比较致密有关.综合比较各种填料处理PO4-3-、COD、NH3-N和SS的能力,采用经过盐酸处理铝硅酸盐填料作为曝气生物滤池处理河道污水的填料是适宜的,其最佳水力停留时间为4 h.     

Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L

Impact of distillery effluent (untreated and treated) irrigation on soil microflora of the pots used for growing Phaseolus aureus L. was investigated. The growth of the P. aureus plants as affected by distillery effluent irrigation was also evaluated. The irrigation of the pots by 1-10% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) stimulated the growth of the soil microflora (increased number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and P. aureus plants (increased shoot and root lengths, biomass, chlorophyll and protein contents). Further, 15-20% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) had toxic effect on soil micro flora as indicated by reduced number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Reduction in shoot, root, lengths, biomass, chlorophyll, protein contents of P. aureus was also observed when irrigated by 15-20% treated distillery effluent. All the concentrations of raw distillery effluent reduced the bacterial population. However, the treated distillery effluent concentrations <10% had stimulatory effect on fungal and actinomycetes population. However, raw effluent concentrations >5% reduced the same. Raw distillery effluent was more toxic to P. aureus than treated distillery effluent as concentrations >5%, had reduced the growth (shoot, root length and biomass) of the test plant. Raw distillery effluent had adverse effect to total chlorophyll contents and all the test concentrations reduced the total chlorophyll level. However, untreated (raw) distillery effluent stimulated the protein content initially. It has been concluded from-present study that lower concentrations of the raw distillery effluent (1-5%) and treated distillery effluent (1-10%) had stimulated the growth of P. aureus and soil microflora except soil bacteria (inhibited by all the concentration of the raw effluent). However, higher concentrations (raw effluent: 10-20%; treated effluent 15-20%) had toxicity to test parameters.     

Combinatorial effects of distillery and sugar factory effluents in crop plants

Under the reutilization and recycling strategy of industrial effluents, treated distillery and sugar factory mixed effluent was used in petridish culture experiments to investigate its effect on seed germination and seedling growth in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard. The seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced with increase in concentration of the effluent. The fresh matter was found significantly increased in barley (1.16 g per seedling in 25% dilution level of effluents in comparison to 0.93 in control), while other higher dilution levels reduce it. Wheat, garden pea, black gram, mustard invariably showed inhibition in fresh weight. Dry weight was found consistently reduced or unchanged in different treatments. Total chlorophyll contents in barley were significantly increased in different treatments (2.351 and 2.721 mg/g fresh weight of tissue at 25, 50% dilution levels in comparison to 1.781 of control) while in other crop it was reduced alloverthe treatments. Amylase activity in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard was reduced in all the treatments. Only in barley its level was enhanced from 0.76 to 0.85, 0.96, 0.81 in 25, 50, 75% dilution levels of the effluent mixture respectively Based on the data of different crops barley was found to be highly tolerant as the 25 and 50% dilution levels of combined effluents. It showed no change in germination %, while seedling growth was increased in lower dilution levels of combined effluent as compared to control Barley>garden pea>wheat>black gram>mustard gradually showed increased level of sensitivity respectively Most detrimental effects were seen in mustard. This toxicity might be due to excess of nutrients, beyond the limits of tolerance. Therefore, the higher concentration of mixed effluent was not advisable for irrigation purpose, however it could be used for irrigation purpose after proper treatment and dilution (one part treated effluent and five parts of available irrigation water), as this dilution level was found growth and yield promotory     

Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of fresh water fish Labeo rohita

In acute toxicity (96 hr) experiment the fingerlings of freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to tannery, electroplating and textile mill effluents. The LC0 and LC50 concentrations were 15% and 20% for tannery effluents, 3% and 6% for electroplating effluents and 18% and 22% for textile mill effluents respectively. It was found that, electroplating effluent was more toxic than tannery and textile mill wastes. After acute toxicity experiments for different industrial effluents, various tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and kidney were obtained separately from control, LC0 and LC50 groups. These tissues were used for biochemical estimations. The glycogen content in all the tissues decreased considerably upon acute toxicity of three industrial effluents except muscle in LC50 group of tannery effluent and kidney in LC50 group of textile mill effluent, when compared to control group. The total protein content decreased in all tissues in three effluents except gills in LC50 group of tannery effluent, kidney in LC50 group of electroplating effluent and kidney in LC0 group of textile mill effluent. In general total lipid content decreased in all tissues after acute exposure when compared to control group. The results obtained in the present study showed that, the industrial effluents from tannery, electroplating and textile mills caused marked depletion in biochemical composition in various tissues of the fish Labeo rohita after acute exposure.     

Impact of distillery effluent on germination behaviour of Brassica napus L

The study has been focused on effect of untreated distillery effluent (Devans Breweries Ltd., Jammu) on germination of gobi sarson (Brassica napus. L. var. Punjabi Special). Six treatments (E0.... E100) each having three replicates were made. E0 was taken as control in which tap water was used for irrigation of the plants. For E20, E40, E60, E80 and E100, different concentrations i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of effluent were used for irrigation, respectively. The 100% sample of distillery effluent analyzed for various physicochemical parameters showed acidic nature (pH 4.0) and higher values of COD (2496 mg l(-1)), TDS (799.7 mg l(-1)) and chlorides (1408 mg l(-1)). The parameters e.g. percent germination, germination index, speed of germination, and peak value were highest in treatment receiving 20% effluent concentration which also showed minimum values for percent inhibition, germination period, and delay index.     

Impact of paper mill effluent on growth and development of certain agricultural crops

The physico-chemical characteristics of paper mill industry effluent were measured and some were found to be above the permissible limits prescribed by Indian irrigation water standard. A study was conducted in pots to investigate the effects of different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100%) of paper mill effluent on growth and production of rice, mustard and peafor three years. The study reveals that the paper mill effluent has deleterious effect on the growth of crop at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentration (viz. 10 to 40% in rice, 10 to 50% in mustard and 10 to 60% in pea) of effluent, beneficial impact on general welfare of the crops was noticed. Growth and development was increased with increasing the concentration of the effluent up to 30% in rice, 40% in mustard and 50% in pea. Investigation showed that the growth and production of rice, mustard and pea was found maximum at a concentration of 30, 40 and 50% effluent respectively.     

Effect of distillery effluent on yield attributes of Brassica napus L

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of untreated distillery effluent on yield attributes of gobi sarson (Brassica napus. L. var. Punjabi Special) at different effluent concentrations. The effluent showed unpleasant odour, acidic pH, high COD and high chlorides. Five concentrations of the distillery effluent (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) were used for irrigation of B. napus plants with tap water as control. Various characteristics of siliqua (number of siliqua, average siliqua length, weight of siliqua) and seeds (number of seeds, weight of hundred seeds, economic yield) were quantified to check the variations in the yield attributes of effluent irrigated test plant. Overall, 20% distillery effluent was found to be most effective for highest number and better quality of siliqua (62.0 siliqua plant-1; weight of ten siliqua 1.21 g) and seeds (836.3 seeds plant-1; weight of 100 seeds 0.39 g), and increased yield (economic yield 2.85 g plant1; stover yield 7.85 g plant1) of the test plant.     

二段生物接触氧化法处理含硫废水的中试研究

用二段生物接触氧化法探索炼油过程中所产生的含硫废水的处理新方法． 结果表明：经此工艺处理后的出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ、氨氮、硫化物和酚的质量浓度ρ分别为２６６ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ、８２ ．８５ ｍｇ／ Ｌ、１ ．１８ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和１ ．４３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,相应的去除率分别为８６ ．３ ％ 、４０ ％ 、９２ ．７ ％ 和９９ ．３ ％ ,出水水质达到国家三级排放标准． 进出水水质的变化曲线表明,生物接触氧化法处理含硫废水对进水水质变化的适应能力比较强,出水水质比较稳定,显示了二段接触氧化法处理含硫废水的可行性     

Impact of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of gram (Cicer aeritenum)

In the present study effect of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of gram (Cicer aeritenum) has been carried out, at different concentration of the effluent and time intervals. The effluent is alkaline in nature with strong ammonia odour. The germination percentage of seed, seedling growth and chlorophyll content showed a gradual decline with increase in effluent concentration. At 25% concentration of the effluent, growth promotion in terms of root, shoot length and increase in chlorophyll content recorded at 21 days. However, at higher concentrations of the effluent toxic effects were observed at 21 days. The study suggests that the effluent can be used safely for Cicer aeritenum cultivation, only after proper treatment and dilution.     

印染废水处理过程及排放水对草履虫遗传毒性评价

草履虫作为指示生物评估印染废水处理过程及排放水的毒性效应。急性毒性结果显示,原水、厌氧工段印染废水、好氧工段印染废水对草履虫的半数致死浓度(24h-LC₅₀)分别为54%、41%、98%;遗传毒性结果显示,印染废水原水、经处理的排放水在6.25%、12.25%稀释梯度下对草履虫造成的DNA损伤较对照组呈显著升高(p<0.01),而排放水对草履虫的DNA损伤较原水无显著性差异;草履虫增殖速率结果显示,印染废水排放水50%稀释梯度下对草履虫增殖速率有抑制作用。暴露于印染废水排放水中10%的草履虫其游动行为发生改变。以上结果表明,印染废水在经过处理后,理化指标均达到国家印染废水行业排放标准,但排放水仍对草履虫产生急性毒性,且遗传毒性较原水没有显著降低。水生生物毒性测试能有效补充理化指标评价,为印染废水行业全面达标排放提供依据。     

Distillery effluent effect on seed germination,early seedling growth and pigment content of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris Linn. var. mezzanau-poly)

Bioassay studies were carried out to assess the toxicity of distillery effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and pigment contents. Higher concentrations (> 5%) of effluent were found to be toxic but however, can be used for irrigational purpose after proper dilution.