低成本挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）在线连续监测系统

低成本挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）在线连续监测系统是天津市大气污染防治重点实验室与天津通广集团数通公司联合研发污染源在线连续监测系统。该系统由污染源监测仪器和监控中心系统两部分构成。污染源监测仪器包括气体采样及预处理子系统、气体参数（包括流速、温度、压力等）检测和挥发性有机气体污染源在线监测设备,监测设备基于排放特征的光离子传感器数据处理与融合技术．     

计算流体力学技术在膜分离过程中的应用与进展

计算流体力学（ComputationalFluidDynamics,CFD）技术近年被广泛地应用于膜分离过程模拟中。本文评述了CFD研究膜分离过程中流体力学、膜污染机理和浓差极化等现象,以及CFD技术在微滤、超滤、反渗透中的研究进展及待解决问题等。     

超低压反渗透与纳滤处理太湖水的对比试验

对比试验以太湖水为原水,使用超滤作为前处理工艺,选取超低压反渗透和纳滤膜进行对比研究,分析各自的产水水质和运行工况.结果表明,两者对有机物的去除效果总体上相当,COD_(Mn)去除率均在76.94%以上,三维荧光检测显示反渗透去除溶解性有机物(DOM)优于纳滤,凝胶色谱检测表明两者对于原水中分子量主要集中于10000 Da的组分均表现出良好的去除效果,甚至纳滤表现出去除小分子优于反渗透.选取一价离子和二价离子共8种,利用离子色谱检测反渗透与纳滤的产水,反渗透脱盐率86.16%,纳滤对硫酸根去除率88.85%,其余离子去除效果一般.以通量和运行压力作为评价运行工况的指标,纳滤比反渗透拥有更为稳定的通量,但运行压力会随时间逐步上升,对此有必要采取前处理或加大化学清洗频率.     

大气PM_（2.5）在线监测仪对SO_4~（2-）、NO_3~-和NH_4~＋的测定评价

通过两套大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）水溶性离子在线监测仪与蜂巢式固气分离器膜采样系统作对比,评估了在线监测仪器对主要水溶性组分SO24-、NO3-和NH4＋的测定结果.美国URG公司生产的在线连续监测分析系统（AIM URG-9000B）对NH4＋和NO3-的监测结果较好,但对SO24-的测定结果存在明显高估,其原因是AIM的平板溶蚀器系统无法完全去除大气中高浓度SO2,从而对SO24-的测定结果有干扰.为解决这一问题,进行了一系列实验,结果表明采用两个溶蚀器串联并用5 mmol.L-1H2O2＋5 mmol.L-1NaOH混合溶液作吸收液时,高浓度的SO2（甚至达到260μg.m-3）可以被完全吸收而对SO24-的测定结果不产生影响.由荷兰能源研究所（ECN）、Metrohm和Applikon共同研制的在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统（MARGA,ADI2080）对NH4＋和SO24-的监测结果较好,可以满足实验要求;但NO3-的测定结果偏高,其准确性需作进一步评估.新型监测仪器在不同大气环境中投入使用前需进行对比测试,以确定其准确性和精确性.     

天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程总体设计

天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程在不新增占地的情况下,在大量工程性试验的基础上,通过采取将砂滤池改造为浸没式微滤膜滤池等措施,成功地将全厂处理工艺统一为混凝沉淀、微滤、臭氧氧化和部分反渗透工艺,处理规模从5.0万m3/d增加到7.0万m3d,同时大幅度提高了出水水质。该工程是国家水专项示范工程,采用的先进技术和工程措施可供现有再生水厂、自来水厂的升级改造和扩建工程参考。     

膜法处理含油废水研究进展

本文简要概述了微滤、超滤和反渗透等膜法处理含油废水的研究进展。     

工业废水处理监测技术

由于执行水污染控制法令（WPCO）和公众对环境问题日益关注,为了产生质量令人满意的废水排放,香港工厂中安装的废水处理系统必须正常运行。为确保装置的平稳运行和保证排水质量,一个好的监测程序是操作者和工厂管理的基本工具。监测必然涉及采样,良好的和有代表性的样品采集是工厂有效监测的关键步骤。本文叙述了监测和采样的原理及技术,并通过涉及连续的和间歇式的生物处理系统的使用的实例研究加以说明。     

蒽对二种海洋微藻抗氧化系统的影响

研究了多环芳烃（PAHs)－蒽对2种海洋微藻抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着蒽浓度的增加,小新月菱形藻和亚心形扁藻的非酶性系统中的类胡萝卜素（CAR）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量下降,酶性系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降,当加入抗氧化剂GSH时,蒽对两种海洋微藻的伤害作得以缓解,说明,蒽使海洋微藻的抗氧化系统破坏,损及体内活性氧化作用,对微藻的膜系统产生伤害。图6参12     

光合细菌光合产氢机理研究进展[综述]

７０年代以来,随着全球性的能源危机和温室效应的加剧,无污染、可再生的氢能的研究开发日受重视．物制氢技术是氢能开发研究的一项重要内容．至今已知的具产氢活性的微生物有“光合细菌”（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ,ＰＳＢ）、藻类（ａｌｇａｅ）和非光合细菌（ｎｏｎｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ）［１］．由于ＰＳＢ光合产氢的速度要比藻类快,能量利用率比非光合细菌高,且能将产氢与光能利用、有机物的去除有机地耦合在一起,因而得到了众多研究者的关注．本文就ＰＳＢ的产氢的机理及影响产…     

不同生物膜附着微塑料对文蛤鳃的毒性效应

近年来,微塑料在海洋环境中的广泛分布及其生物毒性效应与健康风险备受关注。天然海洋环境中,微塑料表面易被多种微生物定殖并形成生物膜,这可能影响微塑料的生物毒性,然而目前对其影响仍知之甚少。以海南典型双壳贝类文蛤（Meretrix lyrata）为受试动物,并以其重要的呼吸和滤食器官鳃为靶器官,研究生物膜对微塑料生物毒性的影响。通过将文蛤暴露在质量浓度为100μg·L-1的不同类型原始和生物膜附着的微塑料（聚苯乙烯PS、聚乙烯PE、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET）环境中14 d,研究微塑料在文蛤鳃中的富集特征及其对鳃组织的病理损伤、抗氧化及免疫防御系统相关指标的影响。结果表明,原始和生物膜附着微塑料均能在文蛤鳃组织中富集,富集量随暴露时间延长而增加,且生物膜附着微塑料的生物富集效应更显著;微塑料富集导致鳃组织发生不同程度的机械损伤,出现鳃丝粘连、萎缩及断裂、鳃丝细胞坏死、纤毛脱落等病理现象,其中附着生物膜的微塑料比原始微塑料对鳃显微结构的损伤更为明显;微塑料胁迫造成超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性升高,谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量下降,丙二醛（MDA）含量无显...     

反渗透法处理土霉素结晶母液的研究

土霉素结晶母液经调节ｐＨ值后的水经预滤后进行反渗透处理,可使污染物去除率达９９％以上,排放水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５３ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＢＯＤ１０７ｍｇ／Ｌ水可以回用或达标排放。     

新型抗氧化膜材料PSAA的研制

对聚亚磺酰氨基酰胺(PSAA)作为新型抗氧化反渗透膜材料的可能性,以及聚合条件和成膜条件对膜性能的影响作了初步研究。     

Fate of microplastics in a coastal wastewater treatment plant: Microfibers could partially break through the integrated membrane system

• Fate of microplastics in integrated membrane system for water reuse was investigated. • Integrated membrane system has high removal efficiency (>98%) for microplastics. • Microplastics (>93%) were mainly removed through membrane bioreactor treatment. • Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through reverse osmosis (RO) system. • The flux of microplastics maintained at 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d after the RO treatment. Rare information on the fate of microplastics in the integrated membrane system (IMS) system in full-scale wastewater treatment plant was available. The fate of microplastics in IMS in a coastal reclaimed water plant was investigated. The removal rate of microplastics in the IMS system reached 93.2% after membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment while that further increased to 98.0% after the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process. The flux of microplastics in MBR effluent was reduced from 1.5 × 10¹³ MPs/d to 10.2 × 10¹¹ MPs/d while that of the RO treatment decreased to 2.7 × 10¹¹ MPs/d. Small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through RO system according to the size distribution analysis. The application of the IMS system in the reclaimed water plant could prevent most of the microplastics from being discharged in the coastal water. These findings suggested that the IMS system was more efficient than conventional activated sludge system (CAS) for the removal of microplastics, while the discharge of small scale fiber plastics through the IMS system should also not be neglected because small scale fiber plastics (<200 μm) could break through IMS system equipped with the RO system.     

Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure membrane systems

High-pressure membrane process is one of the cost-effective technologies for the treatment of groundwater containing excessive dissolved solids. This paper reports a pilot study in treating a typical groundwater in Huaibei Plain containing excessive sodium, sulfate and fluoride ions. Three membrane systems were set up and two brands of reverse osmosis (RO), four low-pressure RO (LPRO) and one tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested under this pilot study. An apparent recovery rate at about 75% was adopted. Cartridge filtration, in combination with dosing antiscalent, was not sufficient to reduce the fouling potential of the raw water. All RO and LPRO systems (except for the two severely affected by membrane fouling) demonstrated similar rejection ratios of the conductivity (~98.5%), sodium (~98.5%) and fluoride (~99%). Membrane fouling substantially reduced the rejection performance of the fouled membranes. The tight NF membrane also had a good rejection on conductivity (95%), sodium (94%) and fluoride (95%). All membranes rejected sulfate ion almost completely (more than 99%). The electricity consumptions for the RO, LPRO and NF systems were 1.74, 1.10 and 0.72 kWh?m^-3 treated water, respectively. The estimated treatment costs by using typical RO, LPRO and tight NF membrane systems were 1.21, 0.98 and 0.96 CNY?m^-3 finished water, respectively. A treatment process consisting of either LPRO or tight NF facilities following multi-media filtration was suggested.     

Developments in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination of waters

Membrane technology has become a common separation technology over the past decennia. Membranes are used more and more for the production of drinkable water from groundwater, surface water and wastewater. Membranes are now competitive versus conventional techniques. Desalination is predominantly used to eradicate the problem of water scarcity. The sustainability of all desalination processes depends mainly on the reduction of energy costs (production cost) and the increase in water recovery. Forward osmosis and membrane distillation are emerging technologies for sustainable desalination. Here we review membrane processes of forward osmosis and membrane distillation and the advancements in membrane material and modules. We also discuss the capability of membrane distillation in treating highly concentrated aqueous solutions derived from other desalination processes. Furthermore, the advancements in fabrication of high-performance membrane is reviewed and the performance of different membranes and optimization of membrane distillation process are summarized.     

Comparison of CNT-PVA membrane and commercial polymeric membranes in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater

CNT-PVA membrane was fabricated and compared with polymeric membranes. The separation performance was evaluated by homemade and cutting fluid emulsions. The three membranes show similar oil retention rates. CNT-PVA membranes have higher permeation fluxes compared with polymeric membranes. CNT-PVA membrane shows higher fouling resistance. Membrane separation is an attractive technique for removal of emulsified oily wastewater. However, polymeric membranes which dominate the current market usually suffer from severe membrane fouling. Therefore, membranes with high fouling resistance are imperative to treat emulsified oily wastewater. In this study, carbon nanotube-polyvinyl alcohol (CNT-PVA) membrane was fabricated. And its separation performance for emulsified oily wastewater was compared with two commercial polymeric membranes (PVDF membrane and PES membrane) by filtration of two homemade emulsions and one cutting fluid emulsion. The results show that these membranes have similar oil retention efficiencies for the three emulsions. Whereas, the permeation flux of CNT-PVA membrane is 1.60 to 3.09 times of PVDF membrane and 1.41 to 11.4 times of PES membrane, respectively. Moreover, after five consecutive operation circles of filtration process and back flush, CNT-PVA membrane can recover 62.3% to 72.9% of its initial pure water flux. However, the pure water flux recovery rates are only 24.1% to 35.3% for PVDF membrane and 6.0% to 26.3% for PES membrane, respectively. Therefore, CNT-PVA membrane are more resistant to oil fouling compared with the two polymeric membranes, showing superior potential in treatment of emulsified oily wastewater.     

Bisphenol A removal from synthetic municipal wastewater by a bioreactor coupled with either a forward osmotic membrane or a microfiltration membrane unit

Forward osmotic membrane bioreactor is an emerging technology that combines the advantages of forward osmosis and conventional membrane bioreactor. In this paper, bisphenol A removal by using a forward osmotic membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor that shared one biologic reactor was studied. The total removal rate of bisphenol A by the conventional membrane bioreactor and forward osmotic membrane bioreactor was as high as 93.9% and 98%, respectively. Biodegradation plays a dominant role in the total removal of bisphenol A in both processes. In comparison of membrane rejection, the forward osmosis membrane can remove approximately 70% bisphenol A from the feed, much higher than that of the microfiltration membrane (below 10%). Forward osmosis membrane bioreactor should be operated with its BPA loading rate under 0.08 mg·g^-1·d^-1 to guarantee the effluent bisphenol A concentration less than10 μg·L^-1.     

Treatment of biologically treated effluents from baker's yeast industry by membrane and ozone technologies

This paper presents pilot‐scale membrane treatment results performed on biologically treated effluents from fermentation industry and ozone oxidation on concentrates from the same membrane treatment system. The results obtained from the ultrafiltration (UF) and/or the reverse osmosis (RO) systems indicate that membrane treatment are very effective for COD, Color, NH₃‐N and conductivity removal. Ozone oxidation of the membrane concentrates was tested to increase biodegradability of the wastes. The initial ratios of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) to Chemical oxygen demand (COD) were increased significantly by applying chemicaloxidation with O₃ and O₃ + H₂O₂.     

Assessment of antibiotic resistance genes in dialysis water treatment processes

• Quantitative global ARGs profile in dialysis water was investigated. • Totally 35 ARGs were found in the dialysis treatment train. • 29 ARGs (highest) were found in carbon filtration effluent. • erm and mtrD-02 occurred in the final effluent. • The effluent was associated with health risks even after RO treatment. Dialysis water is directly related to the safety of hemodialysis patients, thus its quality is generally ensured by a stepwise water purification cascade. To study the effect of water treatment on the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in dialysis water, this study used propidium monoazide (PMA) in conjunction with high throughput quantitative PCR to analyze the diversity and abundance of ARGs found in viable bacteria from water having undergone various water treatment processes. The results indicated the presence of 35 ARGs in the effluents from the different water treatment steps. Twenty-nine ARGs were found in viable bacteria from the effluent following carbon filtration, the highest among all of the treatment processes, and at 6.96 Log (copies/L) the absolute abundance of the cphA gene was the highest. Two resistance genes, erm (36) and mtrD-02, which belong to the resistance categories macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B (MLSB) and other/efflux pump, respectively, were detected in the effluent following reverse osmosis treatment. Both of these genes have demonstrated the potential for horizontal gene transfer. These results indicated that the treated effluent from reverse osmosis, the final treatment step in dialysis-water production, was associated with potential health risks.