某中药制药企业废水高效低耗扩建工程实例

某中药制药企业原有污水处理站1座,由于产能扩大导致废水排放量增加,需对原有污水处理站进行扩建,其废水具有成分复杂、有机污染物种类多、浓度高,色度深、固体悬浮物SS浓度高、有一定的生物潜在毒性等特点,废水处理过程中存在成本高、出水不稳定等难点,是较难处理的高浓度有机废水。扩建的废水处理站采用“气浮沉淀+预曝气+水解酸化+厌氧处理+接触氧化+类芬顿深度处理”工艺,水质满足《中药类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21906—2008)中表2排放标准。结果表明：扩建后的污水处理站工艺技术先进、设备安全可靠、运行管理方便且实现和旧污水处理站协作共用,同时兼顾了能源回收利用和二次污染控制,达到了预期设计目标。     

吸附—催化氧化—絮凝法联合处理造纸废水

采用吸附－催化氧化－絮凝法联合处理造纸废水，讨论了废水通过炉渣柱的滤速，在絮凝过程中Al2(SO4)3的加入量及催化氧化反应中溶液的pH值，铁屑的加入量，H2O2的加入量等主要因素对废水中COD去除率的影响，结果表明，COD，SS主要污染物去除率达97．0％和95．3％，各项指标超过一级排放标准，水质可以完全回收利用，为造纸废水的处理提供了新的技术方案。     

不溶性甘蔗渣黄原酸酯(IBX)脱除废水中的铬

本文采用不溶性甘蔗渣黄原酸酯脱除废水中的铬(Ⅵ),在pH 2—3的条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ),Cr(Ⅲ)在pH 8—9时沉淀,废水经处理后,Cr(Ⅵ)的残留浓度达到国家排放标准。     

加压生物接触氧化法处理染料废水

本试验用一种新方法——加压生物接触氧化法处理染料生产废水.试验规模为1m~3/h.废水先经调节预处理,进水水质平均COD为619mg/L,BOD_5为336mg/L时,经6.5h处理后,出水COD去除率可达70%,BOD_5去除率在98%以上.与常规法相比,它具有处理时间短,主要设备占地面积小,设备投资省及操作总能耗低的特点.     

物化预处理-水解酸化-接触氧化法处理选矿废水

对某浮选厂浮选废水进行混凝沉淀+活性碳吸附预处理,然后进入生化系统,厌氧池、好氧池停留时间为10h.结果证明:进水COD为400～700mg/L,出水74～145 mg/L,去除率达75.8%以上,首次成功地将生物法应用到铅锌选矿废水的处理,若对该工艺进行适当调整,完全可以使出水达到排放或回用标准.     

工业酸洗废水全自动化学处理过程的控制

酸洗工艺过程产生的酸洗废水的直接排放,将会导致受纳水体的水质恶化,造成环境污染.经过入水→预沉淀→氧化(含中和、曝气、搅拌、混凝)→沉淀→出水等物理,化学处理之后,排出口的废水基本上能符合国家的工业废水排放标准,可以达标排放.整个化学和物理处理工艺流程全部采用香港中能电化学设备公司自行研制的先进设备进行自动化控制;所需的关键控制仪器如ORP值测定仪、pH值测定仪和耐酸碱处理的泵等设备则全部采用西方先进国家进口.因此,一个污水处理厂只需要一个熟练的技术工人就完成了整个污水处理过程.     

UASB-接触氧化-微絮凝-砂滤工艺处理中药废水工程

采用UASB-接触氧化法处理天津某中药厂废水,处理后出水各项指标达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)二级标准。同时对二级处理后出水采用微絮凝沉淀-砂滤-消毒工艺,出水达到中水绿化使用标准。     

微波-化学法处理高浓度重金属废水

依据锌冶炼废水水质特征及出水要求,设计试验装置及工艺,研究微波．化学法处理锌冶炼重金属废水新技术．由试验结果可知,该工艺技术能有效地去除废水中的cd、Pb、As、zn等重金属污染物,去除效率均在95％以上,出水中重金属离子浓度低于铅锌工业污染物排放标准（GB25466--2010）,且抗冲击负荷能力强;同时考察微波作用...     

Fenton法-聚合氯化铝预处理高浓度乳化液废水

乳化液在机械制造、加工等过程中有广泛的应用,主要起润滑、冷却、表面清洗和防腐蚀作用。其主要成分为矿物油、表面活性剂、抑菌剂和其他有机添加剂,在使用过程中产生了高浓度、乳化严重、成分复杂且波动大的乳化液废水,随意排放会对环境造成严重污染;目前国内外对低浓度含油废水的处理进行了大量的研究工作,如各种破乳法、微生物法等,但各种处理方法都有其局限性,尤其对高浓度乳化液废水尚没有定型的处理方法。Fenton氧化法是一种高级氧化技术,在酸性条件下,H2O2被Fe2+催化分解并产生大量具有强氧化性的?OH,通过?OH氧化降解废水中的有机物,达到废水净化的目的。在处理有毒有害难生物降解有机废水方面具有较强的应用优势;聚合氯化铝(PAC)是一种应用很广的无机高分子絮凝剂,与其它水处理剂配合使用具有更好的水处理效果,通过Al(Ⅲ)盐水解-聚合产物对水中胶体颗粒或胶体污染物进行电性中和、脱稳和吸附架桥作用生成粗颗粒絮凝体去除,从而达到净化污水的目的;本文采用Fenton法-聚合氯化铝组合工艺预处理机械加工厂高浓度乳化液废水以满足后续生化处理进水要求,通过实验研究了Fenton法涉及的初始反应pH值、H2O2投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量、反应时间和后续投加聚合氯化铝涉及的反应pH值、PAC投加量及反应时间对乳化液废水预处理效果的影响。结果表明,Fenton法处理乳化液废水的最佳反应条件为:pH值为2、H2O2投加量为48 mL·L-1、质量分数为10%的FeSO4投加量为88 mL·L-1和反应时间为60 min;后续投加PAC处理的最佳反应条件为:pH值为7、质量分数为10%的PAC投加量为466 mL·L-1、反应时间为40 min;乳化液废水COD约34000 mg·L-1,经Fenton法-聚合氯化铝组合工艺处理后处理水COD小于5 000 mg·L-1,COD去除率达到87%以上,色度从浑浊的乳白色变成了清澈的无色,满足了后续生化处理对进水的水质要求。可为解决同类高浓度乳化液废水预处理提供技术参考。     

中国农村生活污水处理技术现状分析及评价

通过查阅我国2000—2016年共计119项≤1 000 m~3·d~(-1)农村生活污水处理实际工程案例文献,统计分析我国农村生活污水处理的技术模式、出水执行标准、6种主要污染物(化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氨氮、SS、BOD_5)去除率,结合层次分析法对我国农村生活污水处理现状及发展态势进行分析。结果表明,57.26%的农村生活污水处理工艺的处理水量小于100 m~3·d~(-1);出水水质主要执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》,文献占比为74.99%;处理技术总体分为生物、生态和组合处理技术3大类,组合处理技术使用最多,多种工艺技术组合是未来农村生活污水处理的主要发展方向。文献中对于水质指标的考核重视程度由高到低分别为COD、总磷、氨氮和总氮,污染物去除的难易程度由易到难分别为COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮。     

膜技术在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的应用

介绍了膜技术应用在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的运行效果及成本分析的实例。将连续膜过滤技术（CMF）用于反渗透的预处理,采用微滤膜在线连续反冲洗技术,成功解决了传统中空纤维膜易堵塞,不能连续工作的难题,保证了系统连续稳定运行。采用一级二段式RO（反渗透）系统,产水率65%,制备纯水180 m3/d,既提高了产水率也可满足生产用水要求。将抑菌剂、阻垢剂、在线监测和控制系统等关键技术,系统性、集成性引入连续微滤和反渗透装置,为其应用于废水脱盐深度处理提供支撑和保障。     

Activated carbon adsorption,activated sludge and ozonation treatments evaluated by impact intensity based on acute toxicity test

A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) conducted on various water treatments was successful in optimizing the acute toxicity of the final effluent. In particular, we found that the acute toxicity of the sample water treated by a water treatment process should not be correlated with the concentrations of the parent compounds still remaining in the water. Therefore, it was concluded that an acute toxicity test based on a bioassay must be performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the water treatment process for various effluents containing environmental pollutants. In addition, the treatability and the resultant toxicity was evaluated as a simple scoring system. The scoring system ranked the treated water in three classes of toxicity with the calculation of several factors for the concerned toxicity. Using an impact evaluation based on the score of the characteristics, different water treatment processes could be directly compared. The new methodology presented here is specifically effective in listing possible unit operations for a water treatment process based on the impact, and thereby enables targeted and cost-effective water treatment.     

A road-map for energy-neutral wastewater treatment plants of the future based on compact technologies (including MBBR)

In the paper concepts for wastewater treatment of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration. In the paper concepts for domestic wastewater treatment plants of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration.     

城市污水厂氨气的来源及排放因子研究

通过对城市污水处理厂进行现场调查和分析,选取广州市猎德污水处理厂的格栅、沉砂池、A-B工艺的曝气池、组合交替式(unitank)生化池、污泥浓缩池及脱水机房采集气样,同时在A-B工艺的曝气池、unitank生化池及A-B工艺的沉淀池采集水样,采用模拟实验测试这些污水处理单元的氨挥发速率,并结合理论计算,研究氨气的来源和排放因子.结果表明,A-B工艺的曝气池和unitank工艺的生化池为城市污水处理厂的主要氨排放源.城市污水处理厂污水的氨气平均挥发速率为21.06μg.m-.2s-1,在此基础上计算出其氨气平均排放因子为0.28 g.m-3,其中A-B工艺曝气池的氨排放因子较高,为0.205 g.m-3;unitank生化池的氨排放因子为0.033 g.m-3;A-B工艺沉淀池的氨排放因子较低,为0.0085 g.m-3.     

Increasing significance of advanced physical/chemical processes in the development and application of sustainable wastewater treatment systems

The awareness of the problem of the scarcity of water of high quality has strongly changed the approach of wastewater treatment. Currently, there is an increasing need for the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater and to recover valuable products and energy from the wastewater. Because microbiological treatment methods are, only to a limited part, able to satisfy these needs, the role and significance of physical/chemical processes in wastewater treatment are gaining more and more interest. The specific future role and aim of the various physical/chemical treatment processes can be categorized in five groups: improvement of the performance of microbiological treatment processes, achievement of the high quality required for reuse of the effluent, recovery of valuable components and energy from the wastewater for beneficial reuse, desalination of brackish water and seawater, and treatment of concentrated liquid or solid waste residues produced in a wastewater treatment process. Development of more environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment chains in which physical/chemical processes play a crucial role, also requires application of process control and modeling strategies. This is briefly introduced by the elaboration of treatment scenarios for three specific wastewaters.     

Microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plants: a case study of Denizli/Turkey

● High amounts of microplastics are released to receiving media from WWTPs. ● The effect of classical treatment processes on MP removal is important. ● MP load in the effluent of WWTPs is important for developing treatment technology. ● Additional physical treatment could help further reduce MP discharge. Plastic particles smaller than 5 mm are microplastics. They are among the significant pollutants that recently attracted attention. Great quantities of microplastics enter the sewage system daily and reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). As a result, WWTPs are potential microplastic sources. Hence, they create a pathway for microplastics to reach aquatic environments with treated wastewater discharge. Studies on microplastic characterization in WWTPs have gained momentum in academia. This study investigates the abundance, size, shape, color, polymer type, and removal efficiencies of microplastics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Denizli/Turkey. The results showed that the dominant microplastic shape in wastewater samples was fibers (41.78%–60.77%) in the 100–500 µm (58.57%–80.07%) size range. Most of the microplastics were transparent-white (32.86%–58.93%). The dominant polymer types were polyethylene (54.05%) and polyethylene vinyl acetate (37.84%) in raw wastewater. Furthermore, the microplastic removal efficiencies of the Denizli Central WWTP as a whole and for individual treatment units were evaluated. Although the microplastic pollution removal efficiency of the Denizli Central WWTP was over 95%, the microplastic concentration discharged daily into the receiving environment was considerably high (1.28 × 10¹⁰ MP/d). Thus, Denizli Central WWTP effluents result in a high volume of emissions in terms of microplastic pollution with a significant daily discharge to the Çürüksu Stream.     

基于水土流失的景观格局分析方法

景观格局和生态过程是景观生态学研究的重要内容,但是很多研究只重视景观格局的研究,而忽略了生态过程的研究。文章针对水土流失这一重要生态过程,提出了基于水土流失过程的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数,并对黄土高原泾河流域15个子流域的景观格局进行了分析,认为泾河流北部各子流域主要以水土流失的＂源＂景观为主,景观坡度指数大,空间负荷指数小,水土流失风险大;流域南部各子流域上游以＂汇＂景观为主,坡度指数大,中下游以＂源＂景观为主,景观空间分布不均衡,存在一定的水土流失风险;流域东部局部子流域主要以水土流失的＂汇＂景观为主,＂源＂景观相对较小,＂源＂-＂汇＂景观空间分布均衡,水土流失风险小。     

Combined process of biofiltration and ozone oxidation as an advanced treatment process for wastewater reuse

The effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was treated in a pilot plant for reclaimed water production through the denitrification biofilter (DNBF) process, ozonation (O₃), and biologic aerated filtration (BAF). The combined process demonstrated good removal performance of conventional pollutants, including concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (27.8 mg·L⁻¹) and total nitrogen (9.9 mg·L⁻¹) in the final effluent, which met the local discharge standards and water reuse purposes. Micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals) were also significantly removed during the proposed process. Ozonation exhibited high antibiotic removal efficiencies, especially for tetracycline (94%). However, micropollutant removal efficiency was negatively affected by the nitrite produced by DNBF. Acute toxicity variations of the combined process were estimated by utilizing luminescent bacteria. Inhibition rate increased from 9% to 15% during ozonation. Carbonyl compound concentrations (e.g., aldehydes and ketones) also increased by 58% as by-products, which consequently increased toxicity. However, toxicity eventually became as low as that of the influent because the by-products were effectively removed by BAF. The combined DNBF/O₃/BAF process is suitable for the advanced treatment of reclaimed water because it can thoroughly remove pollutants and toxicity.     

Solar photo-oxidation of recalcitrant industrial wastewater: a review

Conventional methods to clean wastewater actually lead to incomplete treatments, calling for advanced technologies to degrade recalcitrant pollutants. Herein we review solar photo-oxidation to degrade the recalcitrant contaminants in industrial wastewater, with focus on photocatalysts, reactor design and the photo-Fenton process. We discuss limitations due to low visible-light absorption, catalyst collection and reusability, and production of toxic by-products. Photodegradation of refractory organics by solar light is controlled by pH, photocatalyst composition and bandgap, pollutant properties and concentration, irradiation type and intensity, catalyst loading, and the water matrix.