北京河流大型底栖动物空间格局及其环境响应研究

大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性对于区域河流环境状况具有重要的指示意义。基于2014年5月—2015年8月间北京市河流大型底栖动物群落结构调查数据,分析底栖动物的生物多样性特征和空间格局。调查共发现大型底栖动物151种(或分类单元),隶属于5门9纲67科127属,水生昆虫占绝对优势。聚类分析表明76个采样点可被分为4组,组1主要包含北部山区的潮白河水系,具有较为典型的山溪型河流底栖动物特征,组2主要包含永定河山峡段和北运河水系的清河,组3主要包含大清河水系和北运河水系的温榆河、北沙河、南沙河等,二者具有城市河流兼有山溪型河流底栖动物的特征,组4主要包含北运河水系,具有典型的城市河流底栖动物特征。优势种分析表明:组1的优势种为热水四节蜉(Baetis thermicus)、秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)和网栖石蛾(Cheumatopsyche sp.),组2为直突摇蚊(Orthocladius sp.)、钩虾(Gammarus sp.)和长足摇蚊(Tanypus sp.),组3为摇蚊科幼虫(larvae of Chironomidae)和寡毛类(Oligochaeta),组4是以中华摇蚊(Chironomus sinicus)为代表的摇蚊幼虫。功能摄食类群研究表明:组1以收集者和滤食者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为60%和29.6%;组2、组3、组4均以收集者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为97.7%、90%、97.5%。物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的组间差异性显著(P0.05)。研究表明,北京河流大型底栖动物受河流自然环境变化的影响显著,形成了典型的山区-城市底栖动物空间格局,山区河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,城市河流及其过渡区的大型底栖动物退化明显,大型底栖动物能够明显指示环境状况的变化并可指导河流环境的保护与恢复。     

乐安江重金属污染对浮游植物群落结构的影响

１９９３年和１９９４年对乐安江６个采样站浮游植物的两次调查结果表明，藻类的群落结构因不同河段水质状况不同而不同：未受矿山废水污染的上游海口站，藻类多样性指数较高，密度较低，优势种多为清洁神和耐中污的种类，水质较好；接纳大量矿山及采矿化工废水和生活污水的沽口站，藻类受到明显抑制，多样性指数极低，耐污种占绝对优势，水质极差；随流程和净化时间的延长，下游各站藻类的种类、数量、多样性指数、种类数比均不断上升，优势比不断下降，体现出明显的水质净化趋势．乐安江水体Ｃｕ２＋浓度与藻类的种类、数量、种类多样性指数、种类数比呈负相关的关系，Ｃｕ２＋浓度与藻类的优势比呈正相关关系；ｐＨ值与上述指标关系正好与Ｃｕ２＋所呈现的关系相反．藻类群落结构在春季丰水期与秋季枯水期的变化表明，春季乐安江水质好于秋季．     

富营养浅湖水生植被重建对底栖动物的影响

利用在极富营养型的浅水湖泊所建立的大型实验围隔系统，对水生植被恢复后底栖动物群落的变化作了为期3a的研究．4个围隔和大湖对照点共采集到底栖动物38种，Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ号围隔人工恢复沉水植被后，水质得到明显的改善，底栖动物群落结构发生明显的变化：其种类项目、个体密度和生物量增加，软体动物重新出现，生物多样性提高．对底栖动物与水生植物之间的相互关系也作了探讨．     

平原河网地区大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

大型底栖无脊椎动物是河流生态系统的重要组成生物,具有活动范围相对固定、生命周期较长、生活习性相对稳定等特点,可有效指示河流水质和水生态系统健康状况。有关大型底栖生物群落结构特征及其与水环境之间的关系研究一直是河流生态系统的研究热点。底栖动物具有较强的地域性,其群落结构特征受当地的自然环境特征和社会经济发展程度的双重因素影响。为研究典型平原河网地区的底栖动物群落结构及对水环境状况的响应特征,在上海市选取了83个河道断面进行大型底栖动物采样分析,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）,其中软体动物10种,环节动物6种,节肢动物4种。上海河道底栖动物群落结构总体呈现结构单一、物种丰富度低、高度耐污性等显著特征,环节动物的栖息密度和出现频率均最高。城市化水平的空间差异性直接影响底栖动物空间分布的异质性,由市区至近郊、远郊,物种数从11种逐渐上升至15种,而栖息密度则由8 776.3个/m2下降至690.3个/m2。底栖动物群落结构的空间分布特征与水质理化指标的空间分布特征具有良好的对应性,水质空间变化导致环节动物和软体动物、节肢动物的空间分布存在一定交错性,耐污性较强的环节动物主要分布在有机污染重、溶解氧低的市区河道断面,而喜清洁环境的软体动物和节肢动物主要分布在水质较好的郊区断面。寡毛纲物种的栖息密度与溶解氧质量浓度呈显著负相关性。     

上海市河道底栖动物群落结构与环境因子的关系

为研究上海市河道底栖动物的空间分布、指示物种及其与环境因子的相互关系,对上海市8区县河道的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(mn))、酸碱度(pH)、温度(t)、溶解氧(DO)、叶绿素a(Chla)、盐度(Sal)等8个常见的环境因子进行监测分析,并对底栖动物的空间分布、种类数、生物量开展调查与数据分析。结果表明:不同种类的底栖动物对环境的适应性及敏感型不同,8种环境因子中pH、溶解氧、总氮、盐度对底栖动物种类的影响较大,是影响河道底栖动物空间分布及生物量的主要影响因子;霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾腮蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、巨毛水丝蚓(Limnodrilus grandisetosus Nomura)与总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a相关性较大,是上海市河道水体重度富营养化的指示物种;疣吻沙蚕(Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus)、锯齿新米虾(Neocaridina denticulatedenticulata)、日本旋卷裸蠃蜚(Curup Hiurn volurutur)与水体溶解氧显著相关,与总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数呈显著负相关,可以作为上海市河道水体轻度污染的指示物种;环境因子对底栖动物的影响是多因子影响的综合反应,不同环境因子的交互影响决定了底栖动物的空间分布和生物量,因此,底栖动物群落结构和空间分布对环境因子具有直观的反映作用。     

东寨港红树林区大型底栖动物多样性研究

于2010年3-12月对海南东寨港红树林区进行4次采样,研究该地大型底栖动物生物量、栖息密度的时空变化规律以及不同季节红树林群落大型底栖动物物种多样性的差异.结果表明,不同季节大型底栖动物的种类、数量差异极大,大型底栖动物种类以冬季为最多(45种),夏季为最少(28种),生物量以秋季为最高(272.78 g·m-2),夏季为最低(165.93 g·m-2),密度以冬季为最大(679.25 m-2),夏季为最小(504.95 m-2).对各站位大型底栖动物的生物量、栖息密度及不同红树群落底栖动物的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数进行站位-季节间无重复的双因素方差分析,结果显示栖息密度、多样性指数和丰富度指数在季节间差异显著(P＜0.05),生物量、均匀度指数在站位间差异显著(P＜0.05).分析表明温度、盐度、底质和红树种类是导致大型底栖动物物种多样性存在差异的主要因素,东寨港红树林恢复有利于底栖动物生物量及物种多样性的增加.     

青岛汇泉湾排污口附近大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性

为了解污水排海对大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性的影响,于2015年8月对青岛汇泉湾第一海水浴场中潮带一个排污口附近不同距离站位的大型底栖动物,通过野外采样调查、室内生物鉴定和环境因子测定以及多元数据统计分析,对其丰度、生物量、种类组成、多样性、群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明,该区域大型底栖动物的平均丰度为(825.6±115.9)ind/m~2,随着与排污口的距离增加,丰度呈下降趋势.大型底栖动物的平均生物量为(77.7±46.2)g/m~2,随着与排污口的距离增加,呈现出先增加后减小的趋势.本次调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物34种,包括节肢动物门甲壳类动物12种,软体动物门动物10种,环节动物门多毛类动物10种,纽形动物门动物1种及鱼类1种.多元统计分析结果表明,随着与排污口的距离增加,大型底栖动物的群落结构和优势种组成呈现出了显著的变化.距离排污口最近的S1站位的优势种为双扇股窗蟹、宽身大眼蟹、菲律宾蛤仔和颗粒拟关公蟹,距离排污口20-80 m的S2-S3站位的优势种为双扇股窗蟹、日本外浪漂水虱、中阿曼吉虫、叉毛矛毛虫和日本拟背尾水虱,而距离排污口最远的S5站位的优势种为日本外浪漂水虱、中阿曼吉虫、叉毛矛毛虫和河蜾蠃蜚.各种多样性指数在空间分布上都呈现出了相同的格局,即随着与排污口的距离加大,先增加后减小.基于香农-威纳多样性指数和ABC曲线的结果表明,研究海域大部分沉积物环境处于轻度污染状态,部分区域处于清洁状态.相关性分析结果表明污水排海会导致沉积物有机质含量增加从而对大型底栖动物产生影响.本研究表明大型底栖动物数量和群落随与排污口距离增加而变化,在海洋环境监测中具有重要的应用价值.     

汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物群落特征及其多样性评价

为探究汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物群落特征,研究了汾河上中游流域17个采样点位的大型底栖动物物种组成、空间分布、与水质环境因子的关系及其多样性.研究结果表明,汾河上中游流域共鉴定出大型底栖动物4门6纲25科,共37(属)种,且不同采样点位大型底栖动物的种类、生物密度和生物量具有明显的空间异质性;水质环境因子对汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物的影响大小排序为DOTPCONNH_3-NTNpHBOD_5,不同种类大型底栖动物的主要水质影响因子不同;汾河上中游流域17个采样点中,大型底栖动物多样性最好为"一般"等级,占总采样点位的29%,"较差"等级采样点位占41%,"差"等级采样点位占30%,汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物的多样性综合评价为"较差"等级.     

盐碱池塘底栖动物的初步研究

研究了不同放养模式的高青盐碱池塘底栖动物的种类组成、生物量及其季节变动。结果表明,盐碱池塘底栖动物群落结构简单,主要优势种是羽摇蚊幼虫和奥特开水丝蚓,底栖动物密度和生物量无鱼对照池比养鱼池高得多,平均密度（nar/m^-2）和生物量（ρA/g m^-2）分别为1103（40－2085）m^-2和4.61(0.15-12.91)g m^-2,养地池底栖动物nar/m^-2和ρA/g m^-2分别为54－161m^-1和0.14-0.54g m^-2。底栖动物密度和生物量在春夏之交有一高峰,对盐碱池塘底栖动物种、量特点及其与鱼类捕食和一些生态因子的关系进行了讨论。     

神农架林区河流生态系统健康评价

为监测神农架林区河流健康状况及人为活动对其水体理化特征和生物群落的影响,基于水质类别、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及BMWP记分系统(Biological Monitoring Working Party Score System)对神农架林区河流生态系统健康进行评价.结果显示,水质、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及BMWP记分系统评价为健康的样点比例分别为36.67%、63.30%和50%.大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和BMWP记分系统2种评价方法的结果存在极显著的相关性(P0.01),具有较好的一致性.3种评价方法均显示亚健康或健康状态的样点比例达到了66.67%,表明神农架林区河流生态系统总体健康状况良好,但部分样点受到了一定程度的污染与干扰.     

River restoration success depends on the species pool of the immediate surroundings

Previous studies evaluating the success of river restorations have rarely found any consistent effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages. In this study, we analyzed data from 24 river restoration projects in Germany dating back 1 to 12 years and 1231 data sets from adjacent river reaches that lie within 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 km rings centered on the restored sites. We calculated restoration success and recolonization potential of adjacent river reaches based on stream-type-specific subsets of taxa indicative for good or bad habitat quality. On average, the restorations did not improve the benthic invertebrate community quality. However, we show that restoration success depends on the presence of source populations of desired taxa in the surrounding of restored sites. Only where source populations of additional desired taxa existed within a 0-5 km ring around the restored sites were benthic invertebrate assemblages improved by the restoration. Beyond the 5-km rings, this recolonization effect was no longer detected. We present here the first field results to support the debated argument that a lack of source populations in the areas surrounding restored sites may play an important role in the failure to establish desired invertebrate communities by the means of river restorations. In contrast, long-range dispersal of invertebrates seems to play a subordinate role in the recolonization of restored sites. However, because the surroundings of the restored sites were far from good ecological quality, the potential for improvement of restored sites was limited.     

青海尕海盐湖初级生产力特点

１９９７ 年夏季对青海尕海盐湖的生态系统进行了初步研究． 初级生产力研究结果表明：（１） 水域毛初级产氧量平均值为３ ．２７３ｇ ｍ －２ｄ－１ ,其中底栖藻类占７０．９９％ ,底栖藻类单位面积毛初级生产力是浮游植物的２．４５倍．（２） 水域初级生产力构成格局为：由沿岸到湖心区,随着水深的逐步增大,底栖藻类初级生产力逐步减少,浮游植物初级生产力逐渐占主导地位． 前者所占的比例在０．５５ ｍ 水深时为９７．７２ ％ ,在大于１３．０ ｍ 水深后即降至０．０ ％ ．（３）与国际有关文献相比,尕海盐湖初级生产力较低     

常州地区太湖流域上游水系大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构特征及其与环境的关系

2003年8月采用半定量采样法调查了常州地区太湖流域上游南河、运南、运北和洮滆水系29个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性,共获得113种大型底栖无脊椎动物,其中,腹足纲18种,瓣鳃纲10种,寡毛纲8种,蛭纲4种,甲壳纲6种,昆虫纲67种.优势种为霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和梨形环棱螺(Bellamya purificata).该群落平均密度为658 m-2,其中,霍甫水丝蚓密度最高,达400 m-2.观山桥样点大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性最高,群落物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度和生态优势度分别为54,4.36,0.76和0.08.综合分析结果表明,群落多样性从高到低排序依次为南河水系、洮滆水系、运南水系、运北水系.出现频率在15%以上的24个物种与6种环境因子之间的典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,总氮、总磷和溶解氧对该地区大型底栖无脊椎动物群落多样性的影响较大.     

甘河着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2018年8月(丰水期),在嫩江支流甘河,调查了19个点位的着生藻类群落结构和水环境特征。并运用聚类分析、Mcnaughton优势度分析和IBD(biological diatom index,硅藻生物指数)3种方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落结构和优势种清洁状况,使用主成分分析、Spearman相关分析和冗余分析等统计分析方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:甘河共鉴定出着生藻类90种(属),以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,生物量丰富。丰水期甘河水生态环境质量状况较为健康,着生硅藻主要由清洁种构成,其中Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度0.48,为绝对优势种。聚类分析结果表明,甘河采样点位可分为3组;其中组1和组2点位主要位于甘河上、中游,上、中游水质、生境质量较好,健康程度较高,优势种均为清洁种,上游Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度达到了0.64;组3点位均位于甘河下游,下游人为干扰较强,健康程度较其余两组偏低,Nitzschia palea和Nitzschia paleaeformis等耐污种在组3的优势度较高。导致甘河着生硅藻群落清洁度由上游到下游逐渐变差的主要水环境因子为电导率、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,其中影响中游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为高锰酸盐指数,影响下游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为电导率和总磷。由此可见,着生硅藻群落可以较好的指示甘河流域水体有机污染程度和营养富集程度。     

Benthic community respiration in the N.W. Atlantic Ocean: in situ measurements from 40 to 5200 m

Benthic community respiration was measured in situ at 9 stations along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect from depths of 40 to 5200 m. Three methods were used; bell jar respirometers, grab respirometers, and free vehicle respirometers. Benthic community respiration rates spanned three orders of magnitude, decreasing from 21.5 ml O₂ m^-2 h^-1 at 40 m in November to 0.02 ml O₂ m^-2 h^-1 at 5200 m. Rates decreased two orders of magnitude between 40 and 1800 m and then significantly declined again between the continental rise (3650 m) and the abyssal plain stations. Predictive equations for benthic community respiration along the transect reflect a strong correlation with depth of water. Of lesser significance are the correlations with water temperature, dissolved oxygen, benthic animal biomass, surface primary productivity and sediment organic matter. Calculations show that annual benthic respiration can utilize 1 to 2% of the surface primary productivity. Of the 2 to 7% organic carbon fixed at the surface which supposedly reaches the bottom, only 15 to 29% is utilized by the benthic community at 2200, 3000, and 3650 m. The energy requirements of other biological components of deep-sea benthic communities, such as benthopelagic and macro-epibenthic animals, not included in these measurements, must also be considered in calculating a balance of carbon.Contribution from Scripps Institution of Oceanography.     

Patterns of selective predation by juvenile,benthivorous fish on estuarine macrofauna

Benthic feeding on macrofauna was studied in juveniles of the sparids Lithognathus lithognathus and Rhabdosargus holubi in the upper reaches of the Gamtoos Estuary, South Africa. Fish and benthic macrofauna were sampled simultaneously, and the selection of invertebrate prey assessed. Both fish species strongly selected for corophioid amphipods and consumed other benthic taxa in low numbers. R. holubi also exploited aquatic autotrophs, while L. lithognathus had a narrow prey-spectrum, feeding almost exclusively on the tube-dwelling amphipod Grandidierella lignorum. G. lignorum was the most abundant prey species, both in the benthos and the fish's diet. This species also showed prominent behavioural differences between the sexes; males were markedly more active on the sediment surface than females, who rarely left their tubes during the day. Males switched from an infaunal to epifaunal microhabitat in search of receptive females, concurrently increasing their exposure to fish predators. Consequently, L. lithognathus selected significantly more males than female amphipods, causing a marked bias towards females in the sex ratio and age-structure of the amphipod population. Juvenile amphipods were less preyed upon, presumably as a result of lower prey-detection or capture efficiency by the predators. Accepting current notions about predation as an important structuring element for benthic communities, our data also stress the prominence of size-and sex-selective predation in structuring individual prey populations.     

Macroinvertebrates As Bioindicators of Water Pollution in Streams Draining Dairy Farming Catchments

Runoff from intensive dairy farming systems can impair the quality of catchment waters, with potential ecological and human health implications. A water quality study was carried out in three streams in a predominantly dairy farming region, with the aim of assessing the effects of diffused- and point-sourced inputs on a number of water quality parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates. the results showed significant increases in streamwater biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) concentrations between the farm reaches. These changes in water quality appeared to be due largely to the point-sourced inputs from farmyards, and had a significant effect on the ability of the water to support a healthy and diverse community of invertebrates. the results also showed that concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonium in streamwater were the two most important parameters studied that were inversely related to the invertebrate scores.     

A methodological framework for integrating computational fluid dynamics and ecological models applied to juvenile freshwater mussel dispersal in the Upper Mississippi River

Interdisciplinary research in hydraulics and ecology for river management and restoration must integrate processes that occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, which presents a challenge to ecohydraulics modelers. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are being more widely used to determine flow fields for ecohydraulics applications. In the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), the mussel dynamics model was developed as a tool for management and conservation of freshwater mussels (Unionidae), which are benthic organisms, imperiled in North America, that are inextricably linked with the hydraulics of river flow. We updated the juvenile dispersal component of the mussel dynamics model by using stochastic Lagrangian particle tracking in a three dimensional flow field output from CFD models of reaches in the UMR. We developed a methodological framework to integrate hydrodynamic data with the mussel dynamics model, and we demonstrate the use of the juvenile dispersal model employed within the methodological framework in two reaches of the UMR. The method was used to test the hypothesis that impoundment affects the relationship of some hydraulic parameters with juvenile settling distribution. Simulation results were consistent with this hypothesis, and the relationships of bed shear stress and Froude number with juvenile settling were altered by impoundment most likely through effects on local hydraulics. The methodological framework is robust, integrates Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frameworks, and incorporates processes over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, from watershed scale hydrologic processes (decades), to reach scale (km) processes that occur over hours or days, and turbulent processes on spatial scales of meter to millimeter and times scales of seconds. The methods are presently being used to assess the impacts of pre- and early post-settlement processes on mussel distributions, including the effects of bed shear stress, and the sensitivity of the location of the host fish when juveniles excyst, on juvenile settling distribution.     

Modelling the effects of green macroalgae blooms on the population dynamics of Cyathura carinata (Crustacea: Isopoda) in an eutrophied estuary

A population dynamics model was developed to simulate the effects of benthic macroalgae blooms (mostly Enteromorpha spp.) on the productivity of Cyathura carinata (Crustacea: Isopoda), a possible keystone species in the benthic communities of the Mondego estuary. The model describes C. carinata population dynamics, as well as the relationships between Enteromorpha biomass, Enteromorpha decaying rates, organic matter content in the sediments and detritus consumption by C. carinata, a detritic feeder. Model results support the idea that seasonal blooms of Enteromorpha determine a significant increase of organic matter content in the sediments, due to macroalgae decay, which initially contributes to enhance C. carinata consumption and growth rates, determining a significant increase in the biomass. Nevertheless, later, following the algae bloom, C. carinata biomass decreases, and reaches its lowest value, close to 0, when the algae crash. This effect is probably related with strong anoxic conditions, especially during night, due to high algal decomposition rates. In accordance with the model, migration of new individuals from adjacent areas must occur in order to recolonise the area affected by the algae bloom. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that macroalgae blooms that are limited in space may favour C. carinata populations, but extensive blooms affecting the whole area of distribution of this species will determine its disappearance.     

长江下游重点江段水质污染及对鱼类的毒性影响

通过对长江下游安庆、南京、镇江、南通４江段水质污染及其对鱼类毒性影响的调查监测可发现,长江下游江段主航道水质较好,符合国家地面水Ⅱ类水质标准．但近岸带水质由于受污染带的影响,水质污染较严重,其主要污染物为石油类和挥发酚等．上述这些污染物质对鱼类具有一定的毒性影响,其不但可引起鱼类的急性中毒,而且可诱发鱼类产生微核,并对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＴＡ９８菌株表现出一定的致突变性．同时在上述几个江段鱼体内可检出较高的蓄积性污染物的残留量．研究结果显示,长江下游江段正在遭受沿江诸多工业废水的污染,尤其是污染带的作用,并且这种污染对区域性渔业有一定的影响