炼油废碱液的综合利用

炼油废碱液是石油加工过程中采用氢氧化钠溶液吸收硫化氢、碱洗油品产生的含硫废碱液和含环烷酸钠废碱液。通过研究 ,综述了炼油废碱液的利用技术主要有熬制工业硫化碱、结晶提取Na2S、废碱液造纸制浆、沉淀法再生废碱液和中和法回收环烷酸等。试验发现 ,Fe2O3、ZnO等沉淀剂对有机硫几乎无脱除效果 ,处理后碱液仍散发出恶臭味。经过大量试验和选择 ,采用CuO作沉淀剂 ,不仅沉淀了S2 - ,而且RS -也得以氧化 ,并发现滤渣对残余有机硫有强烈的吸附作用 ,得到了无色、无臭的再生碱液。     

采用缓和湿式氧化工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣

介绍了缓和湿式氧化法处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣的工艺原理和流程。由试验结果可以看出,利用此工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣时,反应温度、停留时间不同,S2-去除率和反应产物也不同。在反应温度为120 ℃时,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-的形式存在;当反应温度升高到150 ℃后,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-和SO42-的形式并存;在反应温度达到180 ℃后,生成的S2O32-基本上完全转化为SO42-离子。在适宜的工艺条件(反应温度120 ℃,停留时间不低于40 min)下,混合废碱液或乙烯废碱液中S2-的排放浓度可降至2 mg/L以下。     

石油化工废碱液在造纸厂的应用

为使中原乙烯生产过程中产生的废碱液得到有效利用,采用合理的工艺流程,麦草经粉碎后与用废碱液配置好的蒸煮液装入蒸球,经升温、升压蒸煮后,进入洗涤工艺,其间废碱液中有效成分被充分利用。从产品纸张的质量来看,利用废碱液制浆生产的纸张质量完全能够达到或超过国家纸张质量标准。此项废物利用有可观的经济效益和环境效益。     

丝光印染废碱液回用技术的研究

印染企业丝光机排出的废碱液,Na0H质量浓度为3%～5%,废水温度在50℃～70℃,色度>1000倍,SS>400mg/L,含较多棉纱线等,为探讨废碱液回收技术的合理性及可行性,本中试系统采用"滤网过滤+板框压滤+陶瓷膜过滤+蒸发浓缩"的耦合技术,对丝光机排放的废碱液进行预处理及浓缩,中试结果表明,该技术可达到废碱液100%回用,处理后的碱液浓度可达15%～25%,SS<30mg/L,色度<100倍,达到印染行业丝光工序回用的要求。     

湖泊沉积物中硫的地球化学循环机制研究

湖泊沉积物中的硫是控制氧化还原体系的重要元素之一。湖泊硫酸盐还原作用主要发生在沉积物表层几厘米范围内,界面硫酸盐还原具有双重环境效应。硫酸盐还原主要形成黄铁矿和有机硫,黄铁矿的生成要受到沉积物中硫酸盐、有机质以及铁氧化物活性的控制。单硫化物不稳定,并且会影响沉积物中重金属的迁移。     

机厂污水中硫化物的来源探讨

长庆石油管理局二机厂排出污水硫化物超标,但生产过程中并无硫化物排放。经调查该厂的排污道是封闭式的,排污道内是厌氧的水生生态环境。对二机厂污水道进行监测时,选择了溶解氧、硫化物、硫酸根、pH、水温5项,并将监测值作图。表明硫酸根值在机2点至机1点段急剧下降,与硫化物的增加呈显著的负相关关系,符合硫酸盐在还原菌作用下还原为硫化物的基本理论。故得出的结论是:二机厂排污道中的水体为缺氧还原性水体,且具有硫酸盐还原菌生长繁殖的生态环境,可认为,硫化氢来源于硫酸盐还原菌的还原作用。     

塔中油田硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖机理分析＊

硫酸盐还原菌等的恶性繁殖使油田生产管线设施腐蚀破坏、结垢堵塞,注入地层后对油层造成伤害。研究发现,塔中油田联合站水体可检测SRB菌数高达2.5×104个/mL,注水管垢含FeS高达29.8%,属硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖代谢产物。塔中油田水系统各主要环节中硫酸盐还原菌和硫化氢含量与油田水处理工艺特点密切相关,其中塔中油田联合站完全密闭的水处理压力流程是造成该站硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖的主要原因。实验表明,前端适度曝氧、添加H2O2等氧化性杀菌剂和300mg/L冲击式加药等都是抑制硫酸盐还原菌的有效方法。     

污油回收处理技术在某油田的应用

油田生产产生的污油由于含硫化物固体颗粒易形成稳定的高导电性的油水黑色过渡层,导致电脱水器易垮电场,给采出液和采出水处理造成了很大危害,并已经成为油田生产中急待解决的难题。文章针对撬装式含硫化物污油机械处理成套装置进行改进和完善,同时选择机械处理装置—化学药剂法进行了某联合站的污油回收处理,不但解决回收处理污油对生产造成的危害,还实现污油的回收处理和改善电脱水器放水水质,同时减少污油排放产生的资源浪费和环境污染,确保脱水生产稳定运行。     

利用实验室废硫酸制备聚合硫酸铁及处理效果的研究

实验室每年都会产生较多的废硫酸，废硫酸的处理也会产生不少的费用，储存在实验室也会产生安全隐患，本文主要研究利用实验室废硫酸与工业硫酸按照一定比例混合采用氯酸钠氧化法来制备聚合硫酸铁，将废硫酸加以利用变废为宝，不但对环境没有影响而且将废硫酸变成了净水剂，达到了以废治废的目的。自制聚合硫酸铁通过检测分析Fe³⁺，盐基度，Fe²⁺等指标来判断自制聚合硫酸铁的可行性，结果显示检测指标均可满足国家对聚合硫酸铁生产的各项要求。通过应用自制聚合硫酸铁与市售聚合硫酸铁对污水的处理效果的各项指标来对比分析自制聚合硫酸铁对污水处理效果的可行性。结果显示：自制聚合硫酸铁与市售聚合硫酸铁对污水处理的各项指标的去除率基本相同，对污水的处理效果是一样的。     

金刚石合成棒含镍酸洗废水的处理

本文研究了“金刚石合成棒含镍酸洗废水的处理”，采用硫化沉淀法，因金属硫化物的溶度积小于金属氢氧化物的溶度积，使镍沉淀完全彻底，不可能出现返溶现象，水质达到国家排放标准。并讨论了含镍废水处理的ＰＨ值、硫化钠浓度、搅拌时间、沉降速度与镍沉淀率的关系和影响。得出了处理金刚石合成棒含镍酸洗废水的基本原理，获得了最佳的工艺技术条件，为工业化处理含镍废水提供了重要的依据。     

加碱混凝沉淀工艺在处理含磷废水中的应用

介绍了加碱混凝沉淀法处理含磷废水的工艺。采用工艺处理效果好，出水稳定，经监测废水中总磷的去除效率可达96％，实际运行证明，该工艺是切实可行的。     

The influence of pH on biological solubulization of oxidized, low-rank coal

Solubilization of nitric acid oxidized Texas lignite by either microorganisms or alkali were compared. Three fungi and three actinomycetes were able to solubilize small amounts of 3.2 N nitric acid-oxidized coal in liquid culture. A correlation was observed between increases in culture fluid pH and solubilization. Extraction of 8 N nitric acid-oxidized Texas lignite with alkaline buffers (pH 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12.3) resulted in extensive coal solubilization. UV-Vis spectra of most microbially solubilized samples were similar to those of alkali solubilized coal. Addition of alkali soluble Texas lignite to growing cultures resulted in no UV-Vis spectral changes with time for the majority of cultures tested. Taken together these data suggest that alkali production is a mechanism by which microorganisms solubilize oxidized coal.     

ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL DISINFECTANTS IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER1

ABSTRACT: This study determined the acute toxicity of waste water disinfected with chlorine, bromine chloride, or ozone. The residual toxicity of effluent dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide was also tested. Toxicity tests were conducted with cyprinid, salmonid, and centrarchid fishes, as well as several species of fresh water macroinvertebrates. Residual chlorine exhibited the greatest toxicity of the disinfectants tested; dechlorination with sulfur dioxide effectively eliminated the toxicity of chlorinated effluent. Residual ozone produced mortality in test animals only under special conditions where subjects were exposed to effluent immediately after it was contacted with ozone, and chlorobrominated effluent was more toxic to salmonids than chlorinated effluent.     

Cut-off net acid generation pH in predicting acid-forming potential in mine spoils

Acidification of mine wastes can lead to a series of environmental problems, such as acid drainage, heavy metal mobilization, and ecosystem degradation. Prediction of acid-forming potential is one of the key steps in management of sulfide-bearing mine wastes. In this paper, the acid-forming potential of 180 mine waste samples collected from 17 mine sites in China were studied using a net acid generation (NAG) method. The samples contained different contents of total sulfur (ranging from 0.6 to 200 g kg(-1)), pyritic sulfur (ranging from 0 to 100 g kg(-1)), and acid neutralization capacity (ANC, ranging from -41 to 274 kg H2SO4 t(-1)). Samples with high acid-forming potential are generally due to their high sulfur content or low acid neutralization capacity. After the samples were oxidized by H2O2, the amounts of acid generation and the final NAG pH were measured. Results indicated that the final NAG pH gave a well-defined demarcation between acid-forming and non-acid-forming materials. Samples with final NAG pH >or= 5 could be classified as non-acid-forming materials, while those with NAG pH 2.5, but < 5, had low risk of being acid-forming. The confirmation of cut-off NAG pH will be used as a rapid and cost-effective operational monitoring tool for the in-pit prediction of acid-forming potential of mine wastes and classification of waste types.     

Color removal from dye-containing wastewater by magnesium chloride

Color removal by MgCl(2) when treating synthetic waste containing pure dyes was studied. The color removal efficiency of MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) was compared with that of Al(2)(SO(4))(3), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and FeSO(4)/Ca(OH)(2). The mechanism of color removal by MgCl(2) was also investigated. The experimental results show that the color removal efficiency of MgCl(2) is related to the type of dye and depends on the pH of the waste and the dosage of the coagulants used. Treatment of waste containing reactive dye or dispersed dye with MgCl(2) yielded an optimum color removal ratio when the pH of the solution was equal to or above 12.0. For both the reactive and dispersed dye waste, MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) was shown to be superior to MgCl(2)/NaOH, Al(2)(SO(4))(3), PAC and FeSO(4)/Ca(OH)(2) for color removal. A magnesium hydroxide precipitate formed at pH values greater than 12.0, which provided a large adsorptive surface area and a positive electrostatic surface charge, enabling it to remove the dyes through charge neutralization and an adsorptive coagulating mechanism. So, the MgCl(2)/Ca(OH)(2) system is a viable alternative to some of the more conventional forms of chemical treatment, especially for treating actual textile waste with high natural pH.     

临南油田污泥浆回注处理研究

临盘采油厂临南油田针对水质改性后固体废物急剧增加、处理难度大的问题,提出了将污泥浆回注入高渗储层的处理办法,并在夏52-414井进行了现场试验。试验结果表明,当污泥浆浓度为10%时,相当于含污泥15～20t,注入压力可稳定在11MPa。目前每天可以处理污泥浆150～200m3,完全能满足临南联合站全部产出污泥浆处理的要求。同时,在未加任何添加剂的情况下,污泥悬浮性很好,可以保证长时间连续注入的效果。     

Soil sulfur amendments suppress selenium uptake by alfalfa and Western wheatgrass

Selenium (Se) is a potential soil contaminant in many parts of the world where it can pose a health risk to livestock and wildlife. Phosphate ore mining in Southeast Idaho has resulted in numerous waste rock dumps revegetated with forages to stabilize the dumps and support grazing. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and western wheat grass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. L?ve] are the dominant forage species on these lands. To demonstrate the feasibility of using sulfur (S) as a soil amendment to restrict plant Se uptake, 3 kg pots containing 50:50 w/w soil and waste shale were uniformly mixed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 Mg ha(-1) S as either elemental S or gypsum. Pots were seeded with alfalfa or western wheat grass. Dry mass and tissue Se were monitored over several clippings. Soils were sampled at the conclusion of the study and analyzed for water-soluble, oxalate-extractable, and total Se. Sulfur amendments as either elemental S or gypsum at 1.0 Mg ha(-1) or greater equally suppressed Se uptake over 60% in both forage species. Alfalfa accumulated more Se than western wheat grass. Plant removal via successive clippings resulted in lower tissue Se accumulation over time than the use of S soil amendments alone. Alfalfa-planted soils contained lower water-soluble and oxalate-extractable Se than did the non-planted controls while western wheat grass-planted soils contained lower water-soluble Se. Applying S to these shale-based soils may be an economically viable option for treating Se-impacted, revegetated lands.     

井场含油固体废物综合治理及应用研究

在井下作业中,原油、废水与地表土壤及铺垫井场地面的废钢渣等相混合,形成了特殊的作业井场含油固体废物。为此,采用了两种处理方法对该类含油固体废物进行综合治理研究。一是向受油污染的土壤中直接投放营养物,促进土壤里的细菌和微生物繁殖;二是将受油污染的土壤集中堆积在处理场进行统一处理。试验结果表明:第一种处理工艺要求较高,目前还难以推广应用。选用含油固体废物替代部分粉煤灰来烧制红砖,这种处理方法符合国家倡导的发展绿色环保型建筑材料的方向,为建材行业提供了优质的助燃材料。该技术比其他处理技术成本低,因此具有推广和应用价值。