Utilization of Arachis hypogaea hull,an agricultural waste for the production of activated carbons to remove phenol from aqueous solutions

Arachis hypogaea hulls, an agricultural waste, were used to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride under four different activation atmospheres. The most important parameter in chemical activation was found to be the chemical ratio (activating agent/precursor). Carbonization temperature and time are the other two important variables, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. The maximum Brunquer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbon was found to be 418 m²/g and 0.28 cm³/g, respectively. The activated carbon developed shows substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-second-order, and Lagergren, and followed more closely the pseudo-second-order chemisorption model. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Solution pH has significant effect on adsorption and the maximum uptake of phenol was reported at pH 3.5.     

The removal of uranium (VI) from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon developed from grinded used tire

In this study, activated carbon was prepared from waste tire by KOH chemical activation. The pore properties including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and average pore diameter were characterized. BET surface area of the activated carbon was determined as 558 m²/g. The adsorption of uranium ions from the aqueous solution using this activated carbon has been investigated. Various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage level and equilibrium contact time were studied by a batch method. The optimum pH for adsorption was found to be 3. The removal efficiency has also been determined for the adsorption system as a function of initial concentration. The experimental results were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. A comparison of best-fitting was performed using the coefficient of correlation and the Langmuir isotherm was found to well represent the measured sorption data. According to the evaluation using the Langmuir equation, the saturated monolayer sorption capacity of uranium ions onto waste tire activated carbon was 158.73 mg/g. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant and the Gibbs free energy were determined and results indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Kinetics data were best described by pseudo-second-order model.     

Kinetic, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) adsorption onto low-cost adsorbent developed from peanut shell activated with phosphoric acid

A particular agricultural waste, peanut shell, has been used as precursor for activated carbon production by chemical activation with H₃PO₄. Unoxidized activated carbon was prepared in nitrogen atmosphere which was then heated in air at a desired temperature to get oxidized activated carbon. The prepared carbons were characterized for surface area, surface morphology, and pore volume and utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, particle size, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of adsorbate, and temperature on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Cr(VI) adsorption was significantly dependent on solution pH, and the optimum adsorption was observed at pH 2. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze the kinetic data obtained at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations. The adsorption kinetic data were described very well by the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted the data better in the temperature range studied. The adsorption capacity which was found to increase with temperature showed the endothermic nature of Cr(VI) adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibb’s Free energy change (ΔG°), standard enthalpy change (ΔH°), and standard entropy change (ΔS°) were evaluated.     

Adsorption characteristics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution on powdered activated carbon

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), one of the most commonly used phenoxy acid herbicides, from aqueous solution was studied by using acid-washed powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorbent in a batch system. Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics were investigated as a function of initial pH, temperature, and initial 2,4-D concentration. Powdered activated carbon exhibited the highest 2,4-D uptake capacity of 333.3 mg g(-1) at 25 degrees C and an initial pH value of 2.0. Freundlich, Langmuir, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were used to express the equilibrium data of 2,4-D depending on temperature. Equilibrium data fitted very well to the Freundlich equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D at all the temperatures studied. Three simplified models including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and saturation-type kinetic models were used to test the adsorption kinetics. It was shown that the adsorption of 2,4-D on PAC at 25, 35, and 45 degrees C could be best fitted by the saturation-type kinetic model with film and intraparticle diffusions being the essential rate-controlling steps. The activation energy of adsorption (EA) was determined as--1.69 kJ mole(-1). Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures, the thermodynamic constants of adsorption (deltaG degrees, deltaH degrees, and deltaS degrees) were also evaluated.     

壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜的制备及其对甲基橙的吸附

采用物理共混法制备了壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜,用扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析仪(TGA)对其进行表征,并系统地研究了壳聚糖-沸石杂化膜对甲基橙的吸附行为。结果表明,最佳质量配比为(沸石/壳聚糖)为1∶20;pH值对吸附的影响最为关键,在实验浓度的范围内对甲基橙溶液最大吸附量为974.05 mg/g。杂化膜对甲基橙的等温吸附行为符合Lang-muir模型,吸附动力学模式符合准二级动力学方程,考虑以化学吸附行为为主。杂化膜有良好的再生能力。     

Utilization of agricultural waste corn cob for the preparation of carbon adsorbent

In the present study, a series of activated carbons were prepared from agricultural waste corn cob by chemical and physical activations with potassium hydroxide (KOH)/potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The effect of process variables such as impregnation ratio, impregnation time, activation temperature and soaking time of CO2 was studied in order to relate these preparation parameters with the physical properties of final carbon products. The resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. The surface areas and pore volumes of carbons were estimated by the BET equation, the Langmuir equation and the t-plot method. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the main parameters in the activation of corn cob were found to be the impregnation ratio and activation temperature. The soaking time of CO2 is another important variable, which had a strong effect on the pore volume development. The BET surface area and total pore volume were as large as about 2000 m2/g and about 1.0 cm3/g, respectively. This study showed that the activation of agricultural waste corn cob with KOH/K2CO3 and CO2 was suitable for the preparation of large-surface-area activated carbons.     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

Use of activated dry flowers (ADF) of Alstonia Scholaris for chromium (Vl) removal: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies

In this study, a natural adsorbent (activated dry flowers (ADF)) was prepared from plant-derived waste biomass by chemical activation and employed for chromium (VI) removal from aqueous medium using experimental batch technique. Experiments were carried out as function of adsorbent dosage, pH, and contact time. The maximum chromium (Vl) removal was observed at initial pH 3 (~94 % removal). The equilibrium data was fitted well to Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of ADF was found to be 4.40 (mg chromium (Vl)/g) which was comparable to the adsorption capacity of some other adsorbents documented. Among various kinetic models applied, pseudo second-order model was found to explain the kinetics of chromium (VI) adsorption most effectively (R ² >0.99). Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH shows that adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic at all the concentration ranges studied. Desorption of chromium (Vl) with 2 N NaOH was effective (~71 %) and, hence, there exists the possibility of recycling the ADF. The major advantages of using ADF as an adsorbent are due to its effectiveness in reducing the concentration of chromium (Vl) to very low levels. It requires little processing and is reversible as well as eco-friendly in contrast to traditional methods.     

Preparation of activated carbon from dried pods of Prosopis cineraria with zinc chloride activation for the removal of phenol

Utilization of agrowaste materials for the production of activated carbon, as an excellent adsorbent with large surface area, is well established industrially, for dephenolation of wastewater. In the present work, dried pods of Prosopis cineraria—a novel and low-cost agrowaste material—were used to prepare activated carbons by zinc chloride activation. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effects of various physicochemical parameters such as initial phenol concentration, adsorbent dose, initial solution pH, and temperature. Pseudo-first-order second-order and diffusion kinetic models were used to identify the possible mechanisms of such adsorption process. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to analyze the adsorption equilibrium. Maximum removal efficiency of 86 % was obtained with 25 mg?L^?1 of initial phenol concentration. The favorable pH for maximum phenol adsorption was 4.0. Freundlich equation represented the adsorption equilibrium data more ideally than the Langmuir. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 78.32 mg?g^?1 at a temperature of 30 °C and 25 mg?L^?1 initial phenol concentration. The adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The pseudo-second-order model, an indication of chemisorption mechanism, fitted the experimental data better than the pseudo-first-order Lagergren model. Regeneration of spent activated carbon was carried out using Pseudomonas putida MTCC 2252 as the phenol-degrading microorganism. Maximum regeneration up to 57.5 % was recorded, when loaded phenol concentration was 25 mg?L^?1. The data obtained in this study would be useful in designing and fabricating an efficient treatment plant for phenol-rich effluents.     

微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附

以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,以KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备了高比表面积微孔活性炭SCAC。结果显示活性炭SCAC的表面面积为1 888 m2/g,总孔容量为0.804 cm3/g,微孔容量为0.741 cm3/g,平均孔径0.567 nm,微孔平均孔径0.488 nm。通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭添加量、溶液初始浓度、初始pH及吸附时间对SCAC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,通过动力学方程拟合探讨了活性炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明,吸附平衡时间、最佳pH及活性炭添加量分别为120 min、pH>7.5及0.05 g/50 mL,活性炭SCAC吸附动力学过程符合准二级方程模型。     

活性炭吸附处理电镀废水中的EDTA

采用颗粒活性炭对模拟废水中EDTA进行批式吸附实验,在实验中考察了恒温振荡器的振荡速度、温度、pH值等因素对吸附的影响,同时探讨了吸附等温线模型和吸附动力学模型。实验结果表明,在25％时活性炭对EDTA的吸附平衡时间为40h。在pH值为5．0、温度为25℃、振荡器振荡速度为200r／min、活性炭粒径为1～2mm、活性炭加入量为10g／L的情况下,EDTA的浓度在48h内由368．8mg／L降低至76．34mg／L,对应的COD值从305．9mg／L降低为67．21mg／L,去除率达到了79．3％。活性炭对EDTA的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,其吸附行为可以用准二级吸附动力学模型来描述。     

Roles of physical and chemical properties of activated carbon in the adsorption of lead ions

Elucidation of the roles of chemical and physical properties of activated carbons is an important basis for the systematic development of adsorbents with optimal properties specific for certain applications. Such an understanding has challenged most researchers and this has been attributed with the difficulty in decoupling the effect of chemical and physical properties that characterize activated carbons. This study proposed empirical modeling in resolving the effects of individual carbon properties in lead adsorption. A model based on lead adsorption and carbon properties including total surface area, mean pore size and heteroatom concentrations has been shown to adequately describe the lead adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from bagasse. To support this investigation a series of activated carbons were prepared from bagasse by physical and by chemical activation techniques. The surface chemical properties of the carbons were inferred from carbon pH and heteroatom concentrations. The physical characterizations of the carbons included total surface area by the BET technique and mean pore size measured using the Horvath-Kawazoe equation. Adsorption tests were conducted using a low concentration of lead (5 ppm) and the solution pH was maintained at 1.0 to maintain lead speciation to the un-complexed Pb(2+) ion. The adequacy of the proposed empirical models was statistically assessed. This form of analysis was shown to provide valuable information in tailor making adsorbents and selecting appropriate adsorbents for lead adsorption.     

Application of zeolite-activated carbon macrocomposite for the adsorption of Acid Orange 7: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

In this study, the adsorption behavior of azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) from aqueous solution onto macrocomposite (MC) was investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorbent, MC, which consists of a mixture of zeolite and activated carbon, was found to be effective in removing AO7. The MC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray, point of zero charge, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. A series of experiments were performed via batch adsorption technique to examine the effect of the process variables, namely, contact time, initial dye concentration, and solution pH. The dye equilibrium adsorption was investigated, and the equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. For the kinetic study, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion model were used to fit the experimental data. The adsorption kinetic was found to be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectral and high performance liquid chromatography analysis were carried out before and after the adsorption process. For the phytotoxicity test, treated AO7 was found to be less toxic. Thus, the study indicated that MC has good potential use as an adsorbent for the removal of azo dye from aqueous solution.     

UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE CORN COB FOR THE PREPARATION OF CARBON ADSORBENT

In the present study, a series of activated carbons were prepared from agricultural waste corn cob by chemical and physical activations with potassium hydroxide (KOH)/potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The effect of process variables such as impregnation ratio, impregnation time, activation temperature and soaking time of CO₂ was studied in order to relate these preparation parameters with the physical properties of final carbon products. The resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption[ch-[chdesorption isotherms at 77 K. The surface areas and pore volumes of carbons were estimated by the BET equation, the Langmuir equation and the t-plot method. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the main parameters in the activation of corn cob were found to be the impregnation ratio and activation temperature. The soaking time of CO₂ is another important variable, which had a strong effect on the pore volume development. The BET surface area and total pore volume were as large as about 2000 m²/g and about 1.0 cm³/g, respectively. This study showed that the activation of agricultural waste corn cob with KOH/K₂CO₃ and CO₂ was suitable for the preparation of large-surface-area activated carbons.     

污泥活性炭的表征及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性

以城市污水处理厂污泥为原料,采用磷酸活化一微波热解法制备得到污泥活性炭,并将其用于吸附水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。分别采用元素分析仪（VarioELcube）、比表面积孔径分布测定仪（ASAP2020）、扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT—IR）等仪器对原污泥及污泥活性炭的表面组成和结构进行表征,探讨污泥活性炭的孔隙结构参数和表面化学性能。通过静态吸附实验,考察了溶液初始pH,接触时间,初始Cr（Ⅵ）浓度对污泥活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响,并探讨了污泥活性炭去除Cr（Ⅵ）的机理。实验结果表明,pH越低吸附效果越好,吸附平衡时间为100h。不同温度下吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,30℃时最大吸附容量为27．55mg／g;吸附动力学过程符合准二级速率方程（R2〉0．99）;污泥活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除是一个吸附-还原耦合的过程。     

Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of chromium(III) sorption by animal bones

The paper discusses sorption of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solutions by animal bones. Animal bones were found to be an efficient sorbent with the maximum experimentally determined sorption capacity in the range 29-194 mg g(-1) that depended on pH and temperature. The maximum experimentally determined sorption capacity was obtained at 50 degrees C, pH 5. Batch kinetics and equilibrium experiments were performed in order to investigate the influence of contact time, initial concentration of sorbate and sorbent, temperature and pH. It was found that sorption capacity increased with increase of Cr(III) concentration, temperature and initial pH of metal solution. Mathematical models describing kinetics and statics of sorption were proposed. It was found that process kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order pattern. The influence of sorbent concentration was described with Langmuir-type equation and the influence of sorbate concentration was described with empirical dependence. The models were positively verified.     

凹凸棒粘土对水中亚甲蓝的吸附性能

用焦磷酸钠和盐酸纯化了地产凹凸棒粘土,SEM、XRD和FT-IR表征其结构。研究了凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝的吸附性能及热力学和动力学特征,考察了吸附时间、温度、初始浓度、pH和离子强度下对亚甲蓝吸附的影响。结果表明,不同实验条件下,吸附过程均符合准二级动力学特征。凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝是放热的物理吸附过程,吸附符合Langmuir模式,在303 K时最大吸附量为114.02 mg/g。与其他吸附材料相比,凹凸棒粘土对亚甲蓝有较快的吸附速率和较大的吸附量,可以作为价廉的吸附剂用于亚甲蓝的消除。     

双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制

研究了非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的吸附去除过程与机制。对吸附处理效果较好的活性炭与纳米羟基氧化铁（α-FeOOH）进行了比表面积、Zeta电位等表面特性的表征,研究比较了双氯芬酸在活性炭与α—FeOOH2种材料上的吸附去除效果与吸附机制。结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸吸附去除率可分别达到97．9％和84．3％;双氯芬酸在活性炭上的吸附主要是由于活性炭较大的比表面积与疏水分配作用,在α-FeOOH上的吸附主要是由于静电引力作用;活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸的吸附去除效果均随pH的升高而降低;在pH=6时,活性炭与α-FeOOH对双氯芬酸钠的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程,单位饱和吸附量分别为109．98mg／g和58．96mg／g;活性炭对双氯芬酸具有更强的吸附能力。     

粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附特性

以建筑废料粉煤灰砖块为吸附剂材料,通过静态吸附实验研究其对磷酸盐的吸附特征,以及磷酸盐初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH等因素对吸附反应的影响。Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin等温模型的分析发现,Langmuir等温式方程最适合描述吸附过程,对磷酸盐的理论饱和吸附容量为44.62 mg/g。利用伪一级动力学模型、伪二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散模型考察了吸附过程特征,其中伪二级动力学模型为最适于描述粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附过程的动力学模型。通过颗粒内扩散模型、Bangham方程及Boyd模型对吸附动力学机理进行的探讨表明,颗粒内扩散速率不是粉煤灰砖块吸附磷酸盐反应的惟一速率控制步,膜扩散速率和颗粒内扩散速率共同影响着吸附反应速率。磷酸盐浓度较低时主要是膜扩散限制吸附反应速率,而磷酸盐浓度较高时则颗粒内扩散成为速率控制步。研究证明,粉煤灰砖块粉末作为湿地基质具有对磷酸盐很强的吸附能力,在减少了固体废弃物的数量的同时又可以实现水污染控制的目的。