Reflections on "What is Ecosystem Management?"

I review 10 dominant themes of ecosystem management described in the paper "What is Ecosystem Management?" (Grumbine 1994a) based on feedback received from managers actively implementing ecosystem management projects in the field. My emphasis is on practical advice from working professionals for working professionals. Key points include the importance of managing for ecological integrity, the need for social as well as scientific data, suggestions for implementing cooperation strategies and conservation partnerships, a pragmatic definition of adaptive management, and first steps toward changing the structure of natural resource organizations. As ecosystem management evolves, the pressure for change within traditional resource management agencies appears to be reaching a critical point.     

湖南林业科技成果市场化的思考

林业科技成果转化为现实生产力,须通过一系列的中介才能发挥作用,尤其是在社会主义市场经济条件下,其中介更主要地表现为市场.如何使湖南林业科技成果市场化,作者认为:加强湖南林业科技推广是实现湖南林业科技成果市场化的重要环节.     

基于文献分析的中国生态服务研究

以1999-2010年间中国学者在中国学术期刊网络出版总库收录期刊上发表的727篇生态服务研究论文为统计数据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对中国生态服务研究文献的数量、期刊类型、生态系统类型、研究区域和研究主题的分布等方面进行定量分析.结果表明,中国生态服务研究发展迅速,发表生态服务文献10篇以上的期刊有15种,文献发表量占文献总量的47.73％.共有321篇文献针对具体的生态系统类型开展研究,其中关于森林生态系统的文献数量最多,为116篇.研究区的分布统计显示,以流域为主要研究区的文献有67篇,以地理单元或区域为研究区的文献有168篇.探讨了中国生态服务内涵与分类、生态服务评估、人类活动和自然干扰对生态服务的影响及生态服务应用实践的研究现状,分析表明未来研究的重点将包括生态服务的尺度效应、多情景动态模拟、生态服务评价的规范化和生态服务对人类活动的响应4个方面.     

Spatial economic theory of pollution control: Reflections on a paradox

In their analyses of the impact of pollution taxation on the location of polluting decisions, U. K. Mathur (J. Environ. Econom. Management 3, 16–28 (1976)) and S. S. Gokturk (J. Reg. Sci. 19, 461–467 (1979)) obtained the result that a tax increase on urban pollution concentration may not succeed in pushing the polluting firm away from the urban center. In this paper is shown that the sufficient condition for success in this case depends upon the specification of the production and pollution emissions technology and may be the opposite to the one posited by Mathur and has more intuitive appeal.     

Lomborg and the Litany of Biodiversity Crisis: What the Peer-Reviewed Literature Says

Abstract:  Lomborg's (2001) book has generated passionate discussion about the state of the global environment. We performed a bibliometric evaluation of the peer-reviewed primary scientific literature to determine whether there is any consistent evidence that "things are getting better." The global literature primarily reported negative impacts on biodiversity caused by human actions, although Europe appeared to be doing better than the rest of the world. These results cannot be explained by publication bias alone because rejection rates of papers indicating improvements in the environment would have to be unrealistically high to change our results. There were nonrandom distributions of papers showing environmental recovery in developed countries and for ecosystems not strongly subjected to conservation-development conflicts. Although the literature did not paint a picture of universal gloom, the empirical evidence clearly showed growing environmental crises.     

对高校英语专业英美文学教学的回顾与思考

近十年国内教育界对高校英语专业英美文学的教学改革进行了非常热烈的探讨,笔者从教学理念、课程设置、教材建设、教学法、教师素质和考试六个方面试图作一综述,并提出自己的思考.     

传统主流价值观与现代文学

以儒家文化为核心内涵的传统主流价值观与中国现代文学的发生、发展有着非常微妙而复杂的联系．一方面，传统主流价值观启示着现代作家在其审美活动中高张“人”的个性，从而实现对传统主流价值的反拨；另一方面又导引着作家以启蒙和救亡为主题担负起对社会的责任与义务，由此而实现对主流价值的归属．     

Citation Rate and Perceived Subject Bias in the Amphibian‐Decline Literature

Abstract: As a result of global declines in amphibian populations, interest in the conservation of amphibians has grown. This growth has been fueled partially by the recent discovery of other potential causes of declines, including chytridiomycosis (the amphibian chytrid, an infectious disease) and climate change. It has been proposed that researchers have shifted their focus to these novel stressors and that other threats to amphibians, such as habitat loss, are not being studied in proportion to their potential effects. We tested the validity of this proposal by reviewing the literature on amphibian declines, categorizing the primary topic of articles within this literature (e.g., habitat loss or UV‐B radiation) and comparing citation rates among articles on these topics and impact factors of journals in which the articles were published. From 1990 to 2009, the proportion of papers on habitat loss remained fairly constant, and although the number of papers on chytridiomycosis increased after the disease was described in 1998, the number of published papers on amphibian declines also increased. Nevertheless, papers on chytridiomycosis were more highly cited than papers not on chytridiomycosis and were published in journals with higher impact factors on average, which may indicate this research topic is more popular in the literature. Our results were not consistent with a shift in the research agenda on amphibians. We believe the perception of such a shift has been supported by the higher citation rates of papers on chytridiomycosis.     

On the Decline of the Rusty Blackbird and the Use of Ornithological Literature to Document Long-Term Population Trends

Abstract: Unlike most North American blackbirds, Rusty Blackbirds (  Euphagus carolensis ) have shown steep population declines. Declines of approximately 90% are indicated for three recent decades from the Breeding Bird Survey, Christmas Bird Counts, and Quebec Checklist Program. Analyses of abundance classifications in bird distribution books and annotated checklists reveal an overlooked but long-term decline dating back to at least the early part of this century. Rusty Blackbirds were described as very common to abundant in 56% of the pre-1920 published accounts, 19% of the 1921–1950 accounts, and only 7% of the post-1950 accounts. Rusty Blackbirds were described as uncommon in none of the pre-1950 accounts, 18% of the 1951–1980 accounts, and 43% of the post-1980 accounts. A similar pattern was found for analyses based on local checklists. Destruction of wooded wetlands on wintering grounds, acid precipitation, and the conversion of boreal forest wetlands could have contributed to these declines. Systematic analysis of regional guides and checklists provides a valuable tool for examining large-scale and long-term population changes in birds.