环境监理中现场处罚权的探讨

环境监理中现场处罚权的探讨王国平（江苏省南京市环境监理站２１００１８）在环境监理工作中，经常可查出各种环境行政违法行为。这些违法行为有的较为严重，有的则较轻。对于前者，我们可根据国家环保局《环境行政处罚办法》规定的程序立案查处。而对于后者，一般只是向...     

江苏省国家重点监控企业不达标原因及对策

统计了2014年以来江苏省国控企业不达标情况。从企业和环境保护部门两方面对国控企业不达标原因进行了分析。指出,企业应承担起污染治理的主体责任,健全企业环境保护制度;加强污染治理技术的研发及提高运维管理队伍的专业化水平,以适应新环保法的要求;环境监管部门强化执法宣传及违法行为的查处力度,让企业主动守法;加强国控企业环境信息的公开及宣传力度,形成良好的社会公众监督氛围;省级人民政府应积极落实国家生态文明建设的总规划,开启新的里程碑。     

浅析环境监测对环境执法的案源保障作用

环境监测为环保行政执法提供的案源主要来自对企业监督性监测、在线监测、建设项目竣工验收监测、放射性及固废监测等过程.需从违法主体是否存在、违法事实是否清楚、法律依据是否充分、监测数据是否科学准确等方面,来保障案源的有效性.     

宪法环境条款在环保执法中的适用

宪法的实施不仅仅限于立法环节,在司法以及行政环节也可以找到宪法实施的途径。宪法对环境方面作出了相关规定,但由于宪法的抽象性,不仅需要立法者依据宪法作出更加详细的法律,在行政执法环节则要求环境行政执法机关做到依宪解释,对环境相关法律法规的理解应当符合宪法的精神。宪法环境条款中规定了国家的环境保护义务。环境行政机关作为行使国家环境行政管理权的主体,应当在环境行政执法中践行宪法的实施,做到依宪释法。依宪释法不仅要求行政机关在具体行政行为时做到行政行为符合宪法精神,同时还要求这种解释符合法律目的和遵循一定的利益衡量标准,从而在个案中做到依宪释法。     

依法征收排污费

我国环境保护的法律、法规对水、气、噪声、固体废弃物等征收排污费作了明确规定,征收排污费时要严格执行,依法收费,坚决克服和杜绝有法不依,执法不严或违法行政的现象。１　依法征收排污费征收排污费,要依据排污单位的排污申报数据和环境监测站的监测数据进行核算,确定其收费额。对于足额征收确有困难的企业,必须事先向环保部门提出申请,经环保部门审核认定后方可减收或缓收,不能采取协商收费的办法,协商收费会破坏环境保护法律、法规的严肃性。溧水县环保局近几年来坚持依法征收排污费,使收费工作步入了法制化轨道,促进了收费…     

企业建设项目竣工环境保护自主验收工作初探

简述了企业建设项目竣工环境保护自主验收政策的出台背景,介绍了自主验收目前取得的成效。针对现阶段工作中存在的自主验收缺乏有效监管及配套的技术支撑、企业主体责任意识不强等问题,提出了完善监督管理制度、提高企业主体责任意识、加强第三方验收监测机构管理、开展验收技术培训、规范建设项目变动认定管理等建议。     

美国环境实验室认证体系概况

通过对美国环境实验室认定现用标准(2003 NELAC Standard)的研究,介绍了美国现行使用的环境实验室认定过程中能力验证、实地评估、认定程序、质量体系和认证机构认可5个部分的方法、程序、评定模式、组织管理等内容,对我国开展环境监测实验室的资质认定工作具有一定的借鉴作用.     

南通海事给外国籍船舶开罚单

正7月5日,南通海事局对一艘巴拿马籍外轮违规排放生活污水入江的违法行为做出行政处罚决定,这是该局2018年对外国籍船舶违规排放生活污水开出的首张罚单。据了解,近期南通海事局PSCO在对该轮实施PSC检查中发现,该轮因生活污水处理装置上方"三通阀"阀芯卡死、通往舷外的截止阀关闭不严等问题,初步认定该轮在港期间船舶生活污水已直接排入长江。为慎重起见,南通海事局PSCO     

环保行政强制执行制度的反思与重构

简述了环保行政执法与强制执行之间的关系，指出了我国现行的行政执法法律制度存在的不足。现行环保法律法规把强制执行的权力主要配置给法院，环保部门在行政执法中，很少有自行强制执行手段，不能有效遏制和减少环保违法行为的发生，降低了环保行政执法的效率和环保法律法规的威慑力，使环保行政执法的目的不能顺利和完全实现。提出环保行政强制执行制度必须改革。改革后的环保行政强制执行的模式应该是：环保行政强制执行权全部由环保行政主管部门行使，即自行执行；同时对环保行政主管部门行使强制执行权从程序制约、指导原则和救济保障措施上加以完善。     

主体功能区环境政策导向研究

环境政策是主体功能区区域政策的重要组成部分,从环境准入政策、环境管理政策和环境经济政策3个方面研究提出了不同主体功能区域的环境政策导向,以推动主体功能区分类别环境政策框架体系的形成。     

县级环境监测站标准化建设达标验收预审中应注意的问题

针对江苏省环境监测站标准化建设达标前期验收工作中发现的问题,指出严格验收标准,严把验收质量关,不仅是环境监测工作向深度和广度发展的需要,更是环境管理的需要。提出硬件必须到位,有足够的人员经费,一定的环境监测能力,人员素质和专业技术人员的结构比例,是环境监测标准化建设的核心,各省辖市环境保护局在对所辖县（市）环境监测站标准化建设达标验收预审时尤应注意。     

浅议排污申报登记与环境监理的关系

阐述了排污申报登记与环境监理的关系。指出,排污申报的作用 应当体现在对污染源监理的全过程中,应对申报数据进行核查,形成一个有效的污染源动态管理系统,并建立相应的污染源动态信息库。     

环境污染防治设施运营的市场化特点及对策

阐述了环境污染防治设施运营的市场化极大地丰富和完善了我国环境保护“谁污染,谁治理”的政府内涵。在环保实践中,运营市场化将进一步明确污染者治理的经济责任,节省污染防治设施基建费用,降低运行成本,营造“造血”功能。提出了进一步完善环境污染防治设施运营市场化的对策措施。     

PSO和SVM混合算法确定太湖入湖河流水质主要影响因子

以影响太湖入湖河流水质的24个因子值为研究对象,将PSO算法与SVM算法相结合。PSO算法用于优化SVM算法的参数c和g,以利于快速、高效地确定c和g的全局最优值;SVM算法基于最优的c和g,分别以24,21,18,15,12,9和6个因子作为特征向量预测水质的污染程度。结果表明,当特征向量为9个影响因子时预测率最高。其参数c=18.56,g=1.35,对应的预测率为：全局预测率92.59%,重度污染水质预测率88.89%,轻度污染水质预测率94.45%。因此,通过PSO和SVM混合算法,可以确定影响太湖入湖河流水质的主要因子,利用这些主要因子对水质进行预测预警,不但可以节省时间,而且可以得到精确的结果。     

Environmental monitoring of historical change in arsenic deposition with tree bark pockets

ICP-MS analysis recorded historical change (c. 1846 to 2002) in the arsenic concentration of bark included within the trunks (tree bark pockets) of two Japanese oak trees (Quercus crispula), collected at an elevated location approximately 10 km from the Ashio copper mine and smelter, Japan. The arsenic concentration of the bark pockets was 0.016 +/- 0.003 microg cm(-2) c. 1846 (n = 5) and rose 50-fold from c. 1875 to c. 1925, from approximately 0.01 to 0.5 microg cm(-2). The rise coincided with increased copper production in Ashio from local sulfide ores, from 46 tons per year in 1877 to 16,500 tons per year in 1929. Following a decline in arsenic concentration and copper production, in particular during the Second World War, a second peak was observed c. 1970, corresponding to high levels of production from both local (6,000 tons per year) and imported (30,000 tons per year) ores, smelted from 1954. Compared to the local ores, the contribution of arsenic from imported ores appeared relatively low. Arsenic concentrations declined from c. 1970 to the present following the closure of the mine in 1974 and smelter in 1989, recording 0.058 +/- 0.040 microg cm(-2) arsenic (n = 5) in surface bark collected in 2002. The coincident trends in arsenic concentration and copper production indicated that the bark pockets provided an effective record of historical change in atmospheric arsenic deposition.     

环境监测站人事制度改革的实践与思考

介绍了镇江市环境监测中心站人事制度改革的主要内容、做法及取得的成效。指出人事制度改革尤其是全额拨款事业单位的人事制度改革是政策性很强、涉及每个职工切身利益及触动诸多方面关系的一项复杂工程 ,为保证这项工程的顺利进行 ,应广泛宣传发动 ,统一思想认识 ,上下反复酝酿 ,制定工作方案 ,预见敏感问题 ,提出解决预案 ,主动沟通 ,争取上级支持 ,精心安排 ,快速稳妥实施 ,狠抓落实 ,深化改革成果。     

Estimating the Number of Tree Species in a Forest Community using Survey Data

Using some large samples as actual populations we study a series of promising estimators for number of species in a population. We recommend a nonparametric estimator, CM2f = cs + fc1/(2c2) where cs is the number of species observed, c1 and c2 are the numbers of species occurring once and twice respectively on the sample plots, and f is the finite population correction for sampling, from such data as collected by Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) of the US Forest Service. For FIA samples, there are estimated to be 0, 4, 3, 1 and 6 rare tree species not sampled in Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, New, York, and Ohio respectively.     

Effects of the homogeneous traffic on vertical dispersion parameter in the near field of roadways – A wind tunnel study

The vertical dispersion parameter of Pasquill–Gifford needs some modification in the close vicinity of urban roadways by considering the influence of traffic-induced turbulence. Wind tunnel simulation experiments have been carried out with controlled traffic parameters to evaluate traffic-induced effect on vertical dispersion parameter (σ_z) in the near field of roadways. The aerodynamic similarities in atmospheric flow, vehicles size and speeds have been considered with appropriate similarity criteria. The tracer gas experiments have been performed to evaluate σ_z in the near field of the roadways for variable traffic volumes and two approaching wind directions (i.e. 90^○ and 60^○). The results showed that the value of σ_z increased monotonically with increase in traffic volumes and becomes nearly constant at a particular downwind distance. It has also been found that the σ_z was considerably affected by approaching wind directions. Further, the comparison of experimental σ_z values for both approaching wind directions with those of Chock (1978) and Rao and Keenan (1980), showed an agreement within ±15%.     

超声波提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中残留六六六和滴滴涕

采用气相色谱法毛细管色谱柱分离、电子捕获检测器检测土壤中残留的六六六和滴滴涕含量。取风干过筛的土壤样品，用丙酮、石油醚（1：）浸泡，超声波提取，浸泡液经浓硫酸净化后进样测定。当土壤样品取样量为10g时，方法检测限α-六六六，γ-六六六为0.001mg/kg,β-六六六、δ-六六六、op'-DDT和pp'-DDT为0.004mg/kg,pp'-DDE,pp'-DDD为0.002mg/kg。加标回收率在77%-100%之间，相对标准偏差为2.5%-8.5%。方法简便、灵敏。     

Reducing the harms associated with risk assessments

Risk assessments are the intellectual products of dedicated public health and environmental professionals. Like many other products, risk assessments carry with them the potential for both good and harm. This paper briefly examines some of the harms to which risk assessments have contributed, and then suggests that the legal “duty to warn” doctrine offers a logical and practical way to reduce some of these harms. The paper suggests concepts that could be incorporated into warnings accompanying every formal risk assessment as routine “boiler plate” addenda, just as other potentially harmful products, such as lawn mowers and cook stoves, are accompanied by warnings. Finally, the paper briefly examines the “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Environmental Professionals” (promulgated by the National Association of Environmental Professionals) and shows that the suggested warnings are consistent with recommended practices for environmental professionals.