北京市垃圾填埋气体排放模拟及CDM现状分析

为了理清北京固废系统潜在的环境影响及相关机制发展状况,本研究基于填埋气逸出模拟对北京市固废系统中的填埋气排放和CDM项目进行研究分析。将中国垃圾填埋气模型应用到北京市,预测其潜在垃圾填埋气排放总碳当量达0.97亿t,2026年左右迎来产气高峰,排放量为54 367 m3/h,碳当量达228万t,2015—2040年间的碳当量占比约53.3%;北京市CDM数据分析显示,2010年以来北京市CDM项目发展良好,但较全国水平稍显滞后,其垃圾填埋气回收利用项目占北京市获批CDM项目总量的11.1%,签发数比例约33.3%,远低于全国水平的41.82%。研究表明:北京市固废系统即将步入产气高峰期,潜在碳排放量巨大,势必将给北京市的温室气体减排工作带来切实压力,但是相关CDM项目发展不适应当前的减排需求,急需加强和改善北京市的城市固体废物管理,推进相关CDM项目在北京的良性发展。     

填埋场沼气发电的温室气体减排效益分析

填埋场沼气是垃圾卫生填埋场产生的可利用资源.以深圳下坪垃圾填埋场为例,定量分析垃圾填埋气体发电的温室气体减排效益.结果表明,填埋场沼气发电具有很好的经济效益和环境效益,可作为与发达国家进行CDM(清洁发展机制)项目合作的优先技术领域.     

中国水处理剂的研究现状和方向

介绍了中国水处理阻垢剂、缓蚀剂、絮凝剂的研究进展及现状,对市场前景进行了展望,并对水处理剂的发展方向“绿色水处理剂”作了展望,对其开发的热点将是开发多功能、高效、环保的绿色水处理剂,是环保领域研究的热点之一。     

清洁发展机制项目基准线方案选择及比较

以北京某燃气蒸汽联合循环热电冷联产项目为案例,着重论述了清洁发展机制(CDM)项目基准线的设置原则和方法,并据此为本项目设置了不同的基准线．在此基础上计算了各基准线对应的项目温室气体减排量。比较不同的基准线对温室气体减排量的影响,分析产生这些差异的原因．为本项目选择最合理的基准线和类似项目选择合理的基准线提供建议。     

中印携手探寻环境发展新模式

由中国环境与发展委员会召开的中国一印度环境与发展及其全球政策研讨会2006年9月在北京举行。中国和印度作为世界两大发展中国家，在发展中都不同程度地遇到了人口、资源、环境污染和生态破坏等问题，双方认为，中印两国在环保领域中的合作可以在多方面进行：一是清洁煤技术；二是降低能耗和节能建筑等；三是可再生能源；四是生物多样性保护。     

房地产用地土壤污染环境风险评价——以江苏某搬迁企业原址用地为例

许多房地产项目都是在工业企业原址上进行开发建设,可能存在不同程度的土壤污染。土壤污染的评估和修复方案已成为房地产开发项目环评的重点,文中采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和土壤背景值对照法对江苏某房地产用地土壤进行了环境风险评价,结果表明该地块不需要进行土壤修复和处置。     

连云港市海洋生态环境建设优先项目建议书

按照重要性、迫切性、可行性等原则制订了15项连云港市海洋生态环境建设优先项目，内容涵盖了污染治理渔业资源的保护及恢复、生态环境保护能力建设等领域，优先项目投资的生态效益显著。     

生物修复中的酶学技术研究与展望

随着对活性污泥工艺和废水除污技术的不断了解，开发不同的策略来研究这些污染物的降解已成为必要，其中酶技术越来越受到人们的关注。作者简单介绍了生物补救技术的研究现状及存在的一些问题，详细介绍了酶在生物除污、生物打浆、生物漂白、生物浸矿过程中的最新发展，并对该领域作了展望。     

滇池污染状况及其综合治理

滇池污染已引起各级政府和市民的广泛关注,被列为“九五”国家“三湖”、“三河”重点治理项目之一。对滇池污染及治理的研究始于８０年代初期,迄今为止已取得了大量的研究成果,找到了一些比较有效的治理技术,本文将分析滇池主要污染问题,简述滇池污染的治理项目,对效果进行简要分析并对治理措施进行讨论。     

房地产开发项目的环境污染和防治措施

随着我国房地产事业的蓬勃发展，建设开发过程中的环境问题日益突出，如果防治措施不当，会对环境造成一定危害。根据房地产开发项目的污染特点，分别采取不同的防治措施后，可以实现项目开发和环境保护的双赢。     

International cooperation to support climate change mitigation and sustainable development

This paper analyses the flexible instruments Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with regard to achieving CO₂ emission reduction targets in a sustainable way. In a first step, an optimising energy and material flow model is used to elaborate emission reduction strategies for Germany. The same methodology is then applied to Indonesia in order to determine the emission baseline for this country, which is an indispensable requirement for the evaluation of project-based flexible instruments. Then, models for Germany, Russia and Indonesia are linked using a decomposition algorithm with the aim to elaborate emission reduction strategies for Germany, including JI and CDM projects. The results show substantial potential to limit emission reduction costs by multilateral cooperation. The most favourable types of cooperation project for the considered countries are CO₂ sequestration and power plant projects. Finally, an approach to how to include the criterion of sustainable development is described.     

Benefits of clean development mechanism application on the life cycle assessment perspective: a case study in the palm oil industry

This study performed an assessment on the beneficial of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) application on waste treatment system in a local palm oil industry in Malaysia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction from the CDM application. Calculations on the emission reduction used the methodology based on AM002 (Avoided Wastewater and On-site Energy Use Emissions in the Industrial Sector) Version 4 published by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). The results from the studies showed that the introduction of CDM in the palm oil mill through conversion of the captured biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment into power generation were able to reduce approximate 0.12 tonnes CO2 equivalent concentration (tCO2e) emission and 30 kW x hr power generation per 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunch processed. Thus, the application of CDM methodology on palm oil mill wastewater treatment was able to reduce up to 1/4 of the overall environment impact generated in palm oil mill.     

The impact of clean development mechanism in achieving sustainable development

The flexible mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, the clean development mechanism (CDM), should fulfil a twin objective: cost-effective greenhouse gas mitigation and enhancement of sustainable development in developing countries. As most host CDM countries have not established the proper institutional capacity to approve CDM projects and, at the same time, are prerogative to define sustainable development criteria for CDM projects, there is a clear need for a single set of guidelines or one evaluation system that accounts both climate and sustainable development considerations in the approval process of CDM projects. This paper proposes a set of sustainability criteria and indicators for CDM projects screening, reflecting the environmental, social, economic and technological dimension of sustainable development. Sufficient attention has been paid to determine globally relevant criteria and indicators. Priority has been given to energy sector CDM projects.     

Characterizing driving patterns for Zhuhai for traffic emissions estimation

Zhuhai, a relatively less developed city on the western coast of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China, is planning to undergo major development in coming years. A Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project has been approved by the Central Government of China. The project will have great impact on the driving pattern and vehicular emissions to the city. This baseline study collected speed-time data of two instrumented private cars in morning and evening periods, as well as a daytime nonpeak period of >10 consecutive days in the spring and winter of 2003. The authors used the microwave speed sensor and global positioning system installed in the instrumented cars and used car-chasing technique to perform the data collection. They used the statistical package SPSS to assess the consistency, as well as to evaluate the variability of the data. Nine parameters, namely, average speed, average running speed, average acceleration rate, average deceleration rate, mean length of a driving period, time proportions of driving modes, average number of acceleration-deceleration changes, root mean square acceleration, and positive acceleration kinetic energy are calculated to represent the driving characteristics. A driving cycle for private cars was developed. If emission tests were conducted using the Zhuhai driving cycle, the level of vehicle emissions measured is likely to be in between that of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle and the Melbourne Peak cycle.     

A socio-economic method for estimating future air pollutant emissions—Chicago case study

This paper presents the development of an econometric-emission model to formulate future anthropogenic emission inventories for different societal and climate change scenarios. Our approach is to formulate the emission projections for a given scenario into growth factors that can be used to project forward the 1999 National Emission Inventory (NEI99). The process involves (1) mapping NEI99 source classification code (SCC)-based emissions into the sector or standard industrial classification (SIC)-based representation used by the econometric model, (2) developing a sectoral emission intensity (EMI) defined as the sector emissions per unit of sector economic output and the mechanism to consider EMI variations over time, (3) using the resulting EMI with econometric models and future emission activities to project future emissions, (4) and then mapping the emissions back to the original NEI99 format. As a case study, we apply the model to project emissions in the Chicago metropolitan area. The results show that the model is a fast, flexible, yet reasonable tool to produce a wide range of emission scenarios that are specific to regions, and would prove valuable for future air quality and other impact studies.     

Survey of dioxin sources in the Baltic Region (extended summary)

The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided.     

中国高新技术产业能源消耗与碳排放分析

基于2000-2007年中国高新技术产业经济发展与能源消耗(简称能耗)数据,统计分析了中国高新技术产业能耗强度变化趋势,并采用“学习曲线”方法论证了高新技术产业能耗的特征;在此基础上,采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体指导方针的方法核算了中国高新技术产业的碳排放量及排放强度.结果表明:(1)中国高新技术产...     

经济发展,碳排放和经济演化

本文用计量经济学的方法通过对中国、日本、美国的时间序列分析和１９９０年的全球截面数据分析,探讨了经济增长与ＣＯ２排放的关系。并重点分析了人口增长、能源消费强度变化的人均碳排放的影响。分析表明从政策角度而言,人均碳排放与人均ＧＤＰ之间不存在Ｋｕｚｎｅｔｓ曲线。人口增长和人均ＧＤＰ的增加是人均碳排放增加的主要来源,而ＧＤＰ能源消费强度的下降则是碳排放减少的重要来源。