固体废物氰化物总量和浸出毒性测定方法的比较

中国现行的固体废物氰化物总量和氰化物浸出毒性的分析方法存在缺陷,不便于广泛指导监测工作,笔者优化了固体废物氰化物测定的前处理方法,明确了固体废物氰化物总量、氰化物浸出毒性测定时的样品粒径、浸提方法和消解方法,建立了容量法、分光光度法、流动注射法测定固体废物氰化物总量和浸出毒性的方法,并与标准方法（离子色谱法）进行比较。实验结果表明：容量法、分光光度法、流动注射法测定结果与离子色谱法无显著差异,3种方法测定固体废物氰化物总量加标回收率为80.5%~102%,平行样测定相对标准偏差为3.0%~6.9%,3种方法测定固体废物氰化物浸出毒性加标回收率为80.1%~107%,平行样测定相对标准偏差为7.8%~9.5%,3种方法测定结果精密度和准确度良好,均能够满足固体废物氰化物总量和氰化物浸出毒性的测定要求。其中容量法、分光光度法由于其仪器设备简单、操作简便,可用于突发环境事件应急监测等情况下固体废物氰化物的测定。但容量法检出限较高,不能满足评价标准较低的分析测试工作要求,离子色谱法、分光光度法和流动注射法检出限均能满足一般分析测试要求。     

电镀污泥标准浸出方法的比对

采用3种固体废物浸出毒性标准浸出方法处理电镀污泥,考察浸提剂、样品粒径、液固比、振荡时间、振荡方式等因素对电镀污泥中重金属浸出效果的影响,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定浸出液中铜、锌、镍、铬、铅、镉、钡等元素。试验表明:醋酸缓冲溶液体系浸出液中重金属浓度最高;样品粒径越小,浸出毒性越大;翻转振荡比水平振荡更有利于重金属浸出;液固比增大,重金属浸出量增加;虽然液固比和振荡时间对重金属浸出效果均有影响,但很难确定最佳值。     

固体废物浸出液中氰化物测定方法的探讨

用金矿废渣样品进行氰化物的浸提试验,对浸提剂的pH值、浸提次数等条件进行优化。经实际样品验证,确定pH值〉12的碱性水溶液为最佳浸提剂,浸出液中易释放氰化物和总氰化物可用硝酸银滴定法或异烟酸一巴比妥酸分光光度法测定,方法检出限分别为0．25mg／L、0．001mg／L,加标回收率为90．0％～92．0％,测定结果的RSD〈8％。     

固体废物中重金属浸出试验方法的研究

在大量试验的基础上，提出了利用翻转式振荡机代替原有水平式振荡机对工业固体废物进行浸出毒性试验，并对翻转式浸取固体废物中重金属铜、锌、铬和镍的最佳浸出方法进行了研究。提出了翻转式浸取的最佳浸出方法。     

氯化钡浸提法测定土壤可交换酸度

建立了氯化钡浸提测定酸性土壤可交换酸度的方法,优化了水土比、土壤粒度、浸提液质量浓度、浸提次数、震荡时间等试验参数。方法检出限为0．016cmol／kg,经重复性和再现性检验表明精密度良好。该方法可同时用于土壤可交换性氢和可交换性铝的测定。     

褐土类土壤中15种元素可给态含量浸提剂的选择

要解决土壤中各元素可给态含量与人类、动植物的关系,首先要解决与生物有关的各元素含量的浸提剂,即浸提剂选择问题。一种理想的浸提剂应具备:①浸出量与人、动植物生长、发育有关,即相关性好;②浸出量高,便于检出;③通用性好,一次浸提液可作多种元素的测定;④简便易行。根据以上设想,综合国内外有关资料和几年的研究基础,选用了四种浸提剂(纯水、0.10mol/1 HCl、TEA-DTPA、AB-DTPA)进行探索性研究,为今后深入研究背景值的开发、利用和制定污染指标提供依据。     

我国固体废物监测技术发展现状

简述了我国固体废物环境管理和监测框架体系,回顾了固体废物监测的发展历史,并从采样和制样、浸出毒性的浸出方法、无机污染物和有机污染物测定方法等方面对固体废物监测现状进行了总结。针对固体废物监测体系存在的问题,提出了对采样技术开展更新性研究,尽快将已有的测定方法标准化并建立总量监测方法,开发各类污染物的形态分析方法,以及规范废弃物危险特性试验方法等建议。     

危险废物浸出毒性试验方法的研究

在分析各国危险废物浸出毒性试验方法的基础上,综合考虑我国气候状况(降雨量、酸雨现状)及工业固体废物处理处置现状,提出我国危险废物浸出毒性研究的技术路线为:通过模拟工业固体废物填埋场在不规范填埋处置且受酸雨影响条件下,有毒物质浸出向地下渗滤造成对地下水的污染,确定浸出毒性的浸取方法.浸出毒性保护目标为地下水,同时还介绍了主要技术参数液固比、浸取剂pH值和类型的确定方法.     

固体废物的样品采集和制备方法研究

《固体废物样品的采集和制备方法的研究》《浸出毒性试验方法、腐蚀性试验方法的研究》,以及《四种工业固体废物生物毒性试验研究》三份研究报告,将是充实、修改“工业固体废物有害特性试验与监测分析方法(试行)”的重要技术资料,为制定我国的工业固体废物采样导则、浸出毒性试验方法标准、腐蚀性试验方法标准提供重要的依据.生物毒性试验方法也将会有助于固体废物生物监测方法的开展.此项研究工作得到了中国环境监测总站及十几个协作单位的大力支持,是几十位科技工作者团结合作辛勤劳动的结果.本刊向广大读者介绍该课题研究的主要结果,是为了对我国有害团体废物的监测和污染控制工作助一臂之力.我国固体废物特性研究工作起步较晚,虽然在固体废物取样、制样方法研究方面做了一些工作,但还有很大差距,需要加快吸收国外先进经验和自己的研究步伐,以便进一步改进和完善,从而提出我们国家的科学化、规范化的固体废物样品采集和制备方法、并尽快使其标准化.     

浸出毒性试验方法的研究

浸出毒性的法规定义是,一种固体废物的代表性样品,用规定的浸出程序和测试方法,测定浸出液中污染物的浓度等于或超过国家规定的污染控制标准,这种固体废物即具有浸出毒性.固体废物一般指固态、废液和多相废物.浸出毒性的监测项目不断增加,尤以有     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.