半干旱半湿润地区HSPF模型水文模拟及参数不确定性研究

本研究选取半干旱半湿润地区北京妫水河流域2005—2007年和2008年月径流数据为率定期和验证期,建立HSPF水文模型进行径流模拟,结合人工率定和PEST自动率定程序进行参数优选,并通过GLUE方法分析模型参数不确定性.通过Monte-Carlo随机采样得到30000组参数组合,分析参数与似然值散点图,把参数分为敏感参数(LZSN、AGWRC)、区间敏感参数(BASETP)和不敏感参数(AGWETP、INFILT、CEPSC、DEEPFR、UZSN、INTFW、IRC).针对比较敏感的参数LZSN、AGWRC和BASETP分析其相关性,发现LZSN和AGWRC相关性较强.模型存在大量"异参同效"现象,表明影响结果的是参数组合而不是单一参数.进一步计算90%置信度下的不确定性范围,发现不确定性范围与径流大小密切相关,径流愈大其不确定性范围愈大,反之亦然.本文对参数不确定的分析研究可为HSPF模型在区域尺度水文预测等提供参考和依据.     

HSPF径流模拟参数敏感性分析与模型适用性研究

选择太湖丘陵地区典型小流域,在分析径流模拟关键参数敏感性的基础上,对HSPF模型进行了率定与验证,并评价了该模型在太湖丘陵地区的适用性.采用基于扰动分析法的相对灵敏度方法,分析了影响水文过程的AGWRC、UZSN、INFILT、LZSN、DEEPFR这5个关键参数的敏感性,进而通过参数调整对模型率定与验证,模拟估算了2005～2010年的径流量.其中率定期径流模拟的偏差百分比均控制在10%以内,分别为-6.39%、-8.76%、9.66%,模拟精度很好;验证期偏差百分比分别为-13.31%、5.22%,模拟结果在良好范围内.在率定期和验证期,模型的效率系数(Ens)分别达到了0.87、0.69,相对误差(RE)分别为1.63%、4.14%,精度满足模拟要求,模拟结果能反映中田河流域年径流量变化规律.研究结果表明,HSPF模型在太湖丘陵地区模拟流域径流量具有较好的适用性,对该地区水文过程模拟具有科学指导意义,也为HSPF模型在国内不同地区的应用和推广提供借鉴.     

HSPF水文水质模型应用研究综述

HSPF(Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran)模型采用FORTRAN语言编写,以Stanford水文模型为基础,能够综合模拟径流、土壤流失、污染物传输、河道水力等过程,并大量应用于气候变化与土地利用变化的流域水环境效应情景模拟.该模型是半分布式水文水质模型的优秀代表,在国外得到广泛的应用.HSPF模型包括PERLND、IMPLND与RCHRES等3个主要模块,分别实现对透水地段、不透水地段与地表水体的水文水质模拟.总体来看,HSPF模型在国外水文、水质过程模拟,以及涉及气候变化和土地利用影响的情景分析中发挥重要作用,但是国内该模型的应用非常有限.HSPF模型存在的主要问题包括:①模型中某些方案和算法还有改进和完善的空间;②模型对数据输入要求较高,模拟的精度受到空间和属性等数据的限制;③模型只限于均匀混合的河流、水库和一维水体模拟,对于复杂流域或水体的模拟研究,需要与其它模型整合以解决更加综合的问题.目前,针对发展与完善HSPF模型的研究仍在继续,包括模型平台开发、模型功能扩展、模型校正方法研究、参数敏感性研究等方面.随着我国基础数据的积累及共享程度的提高,HSPF模型在我国的应用也将更加广泛.     

基于HSPF模型的大阁河流域径流量模拟

文章应用HSPF模型对潮河支流大阁河流域进行径流量模拟,采用大阁水文站1972～1975年逐日流量观测数据,通过参数灵敏度分析和校正,使模拟的流量和实测的数据拟合,对模型进行校正。在此基础上采用1982～1985年逐日流量观测数据对模型进行验证。采用相对误差(RE)以及Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数(Ens)作为模型适用性的评价系数,模拟结果得出流量多年相对误差为0.17、Ens为0.87,表明HSPF模型对研究区流域长期的连续径流量模拟具有较好的适用性。     

基于WARMF模型的杭埠-丰乐河流域水文模拟研究

研究了WARMF模型在杭埠-丰乐河流域(巢湖流域最大支流)的水文模拟适应性能并进行了流域水文系统分析.利用AVSWAT2000模型将流域划分为37个子流域,利用流域地貌-土壤分布对应关系、土壤剖面结构、地下水位埋深等条件,确定了子流域的平面分组与剖面土层结构,较大程度上降低了流域模型参数校准的难度与不确定性.利用2000～2003年的水文观测数据,在参数灵敏度分析基础上,对模型水文参数进行了校准与检验.结果表明,WARMF在研究区具有较好的适应性能.WARMF模型与AVSWAT2000模型的水文模拟结果对比表明,WARMF模型具有更好的日拟合性能.基于模型的模拟结果,在空间尺度上定量分析了流域从降水开始到入湖的水循环过程,在时间尺度上分析了年内降雨、径流的分布及其对应关系.流域概化、模型的校准与检验以及流域水文时空变化的系统分析方法等对流域水文、环境的模拟研究与系统分析具有探索意义.     

基于HSPF模型的滇池流域非点源污染模拟

介绍HSPF模型的主要结构和功能,通过对该模型参数的灵敏度分析和参数调整,利用滇池流域各入湖河流1988,1989年的水质监测数据及相关统计资料,分别对该流域的水文、水质过程进行了模拟.结果表明,SS是滇池流域非点源污染的首要污染物,大约80%的入湖SS来自非点源.在枯水年(1988年),非点源贡献了约1/3的TN、TP入湖负荷量.而BOD的主要贡献者则是点源污染.     

四湖流域径流及蓝水绿水资源时空分布模拟

为了解四湖流域的水文特征及蓝水绿水资源时空分布,通过水系概化、子流域划分、总出口概化、湖泊概化,完成SWAT模型构建,采用SUFI-2算法分析了模型参数的敏感性,基于决定系数R2、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数E_NS与相对误差|R_e|评价了模型的有效性。结果表明:1)对四湖流域径流模拟影响较大的参数有ALPHA_BF (基流α系数)、GWQMN (基流判定系数)、CH_K2(河道水力传导系数)、CN2_AGRL[SCS曲线系数(耕地)]、CH_N2(主河道曼宁系数)和SOL_AWC (土壤层含水率参数),表明地下水模块参数和河网概化参数对四湖流域水文过程影响较大;2)月径流模拟过程与实测水文过程拟合较好,率定期和验证期R2与E_NS分别为0.75、0.72和0.69、0.63,|R_e|均在5%以内,均达到令人满意的结果;3)四湖流域绿水资源量年度变化相比蓝水资源更为稳定,降雨量与蓝水资源呈正相关,在空间上蓝水资源分布较为均匀,绿水资源分布呈西北部、东南部多,中部少的分布特征,绿水系数与绿水资源分布特征相似,降雨量对蓝水资源空间分布影响较大。     

基于SWAT模型的挠力河流域地表径流数值模拟与不确定性分析

为探究水文模型参数敏感性及模型不确定性对径流模拟的影响,运用SWAT模型对挠力河流域地表径流过程进行了数值模拟,利用SUFI-2方法评价模型参数敏感性及不确定性对模拟结果的影响,选取决定系数（R2）与Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数（E_NS）对模型精度进行评价。敏感性分析结果表明:对挠力河流域径流模拟影响最大的4个参数是CN2（SCS径流曲线数）、SLSUBBSN （平均坡长）、SOL_BD （土壤湿密度）和SOL_K （土壤饱和导水率）,表明SCS径流曲线数、土壤与地形地貌是影响挠力河流域地表径流最重要的因素。月径流模拟过程与实测水文过程拟合较好,率定期和验证期R2与E_NS分别为0.68、0.67和0.76、0.44,均达到令人满意的结果。不确定性分析结果表明:p因子为0.78,r因子为0.94,模型不确定性较小,进一步验证了模型的适用性。研究结果可为其他相似流域SWAT模型的应用及参数的率定提供参考。     

土地利用变化及流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956-2005 年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料以及DEM、土地利用和土壤的遥感资料,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,划分一定单元流域,对海河流域进行水文类型分区划分,并讨论了土地利用转移变化及单元流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用情况下水文类型分区的结果是不同的,土地利用的变化会直接或间接影响流域水文类型分区的空间分布,土地利用变化越大,水文类型分区的转移变化也越大。单元流域尺度较小时,水文类型分区分布较为离散,反之,单元流域尺度较大时,水文类型分区的分布则较为连续。当单元流域平均面积变化小于150 km²时,分区分布虽然有一定的变化,但总体来看分区结果相对比较稳定,当单元流域平均面积变化较大,并达到250km²以上时,分区结果会发生较大变化。     

输入数据精度与准确性对SWAT模型模拟的影响

以潮河流域为研究区域,利用潮河流域1990~2013年监测数据,构建SWAT模型,在模型结构和参数不改变的情况下,探究输入数据精度（DEM分辨率）与准确性（降水插值）对径流和总氮模拟结果影响.结果显示：DEM分辨率变化（30~300m）对径流及总氮模拟效果不同,对径流模拟影响不明显,纳什系数（ENS）和R²可达到0.87以上;对总氮模拟结果影响较大,分辨率越精细,模拟效果越好.不同水文年,DEM分辨率变化对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年对总氮负荷影响较大,负荷量差异较为明显,枯水年影响相对较小;不同DEM分辨率下,年均（1993~2002年）总氮负荷强度空间分布相似,高负荷区均位于潮河中游,潮河上游及下游的负荷强度相对较低.不同降水输入数据站点分布、站网密度和准确性不同,流域内降水空间分布差异显著.总体上,基于站点较少的气象站插值数据与雨量站实测降水数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较为接近;基于SWAT官方雨量站插值数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较差.不同降水数据输入情景下,模拟的总氮负荷强度模拟的空间分布差异明显;降水量分布较高的区域,负荷量也较高;不同水文年下,不同降水输入对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年和枯水年,基于气象站插值数据的总氮模拟结果与基于雨量站实测数据的模拟结果较为接近,而基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟误差较大;平水年,基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟结果较气象站插值数据的模拟结果更好.该研究可为流域开展模型构建提供科学参考和借鉴.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.