ICS-1500离子色谱仪在地下水检测中的应用

采用ICS-1500离子色谱仪与淋洗液自动发生器联用,等浓度淋洗,用AS40自动进样,同时测定地下水中氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐和硝酸盐氮。该方法简便快捷,灵敏度高,极大提高了分析的效率,适用于地下水中四项阴离子的检测。     

冬夏季广州城区碳气溶胶特征及其与O3和气象条件的关联

2008年1月1日～31日和7月1日～31日在广州城区每天采集1个PM2.5样品,对样品进行碳成分分析,得到有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)浓度.同步观测了气象因子以及SO2、NO2、O3气态污染物浓度.结果发现,冬季和夏季PM2.5日均值质量浓度分别为(81.2±61.4)μg·m-3和(53.7±23.2)μg·m-3,OC质量浓度分别为(24.6±19.3)μg·m-3和(14.0±5.6)μg·m-3,EC质量浓度分别为(7.9±5.4)μg·m-3和(4.7±2.2)μg·m-3,OC/EC比值分别为2.9±0.6和3.2±1.0.冬夏季非降雨的稳定天气条件下二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)浓度分别为(6.1±6.6)μg·m-3和(5.8±5.2)μg·m-3.冬夏季SOC和O3浓度显著相关(p<0.01).东南风和西南风条件下,OC、EC浓度普遍较高,表明东莞、江门和佛山地区的工业污染源对广州地区污染物累积和霾天气的形成有一定的贡献.     

南方酸性土壤中汞污染状况调查

通过测量南方酸性土壤中pH值、有机质、硝态氮及汞的含量变化,分析物质间变化关系,了解南方酸性土壤中重金属汞的污染状况,并针对南方酸性土壤的特性提出了污染防治措施及建议.     

Simulating dairy liquid waste management options as a nitrogen source for crops

Large scale dairy operations are common. In many cases the manure is deposited on a paved surface and then removed with a flushing system, after which the solids are separated, the liquid stored in ponds, and eventually the liquid applied on adjacent crop land. Management of liquid manure to maximize the fertilizer value and minimize water quality degradation requires knowledge of the interactive effects of mineralization of organic N (ON) to NH₄⁺, crop uptake of mineral N, and leaching of NO₃⁻ on a temporal basis. The purpose of the research was to use the ENVIRO-GRO model to simulate how the amount of applied N, timing of N application, ON mineralization rates, chemical form of N applied, and irrigation uniformity affected (1) yields of corn (Zea mays) in summer and a forage grass in winter in a Mediterranean climate and (2) the amount of NO₃⁻ leached below the root zone. This management practice is typical for dairies in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The simulations were conducted for a 10-year period. Steady state conditions, whereby an equivalent amount of N applied in the organic form will be mineralized in a given year, are achieved more rapidly for materials with high mineralization rates. Both timing and total quantity of N application are important in affecting crop yield and potential N leaching. Major conclusions from the simulations are as follows. Frequent low applications are preferred to less frequent higher applications. Increasing the amount of N application increased both the crop yield and the amount of NO₃⁻ leached. Increasing irrigation uniformity increased crop yields but had variable effects on the amount of NO₃⁻ leached. A winter forage crop following a summer corn crop effectively reduced the leaching of residual soil N following the corn crop.     

垃圾渗滤液脱氮新方法综述

有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的氮是一项艰巨的任务,传统的先硝化后反硝化处理方法存在的主要问题是反硝化阶段碳源不足和总氮去除效率过低。研究中研究人员提出了好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和短程硝化反硝化等新方法。好氧反硝化菌可以利用硝化过程中充足的碳源进行反硝化;厌氧氨氧化是在缺氧条件下,以NO-2为电子受体,直接把氨氧化成N2;短程硝化反硝化将脱氮过程控制在亚硝化阶段,不但节省了反硝化过程中的碳源,而且减少了能量的消耗。本文对这些方法及其在实践的应用进行了论述。     

Ca2+ and SO42− interactions with dissolved organic matter: Implications of groundwater quality for CKDu incidence in Sri Lanka

It has recently been proposed that recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in groundwater plays a potent etiological role in the peculiar distribution of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu).This study aims to elucidate the interactions of Ca~(2+)and SO_4~(2-)with a model organic fraction of humic acid(SHA) to determine the possible relationship of CKDu incidence with the DOC in drinking water.XPS and FT-IR methods respectively determined the surface functional groups and chemical composition of protonated dissolved organic carbon(HDOC) in a CKDu high-risk zone(HR) of Sri Lanka and in SHA.Higher surface C composition(87.9%) and lower O(11.4%) were observed for HDOC from the HR region than for SHA(C: 73.8%, O: 24.7%).Aromatic C with less Ocontaining functional groups was observed in HDOC.The IR band at 1170 cm~(-1) confirms the formation of organic sulfonate(C–SO_3~-) on SHA.A band at 1213 cm~(-1) due to organic sulfonate in HDOC from the CKDu HR region was also identified.The IR band at 866 cm~(-1) evidenced the formation of CaCO_3 on SHA above pH 7.4.XPS data confirmed the presence of sulfur oxidation states corresponding to SO_3~(2-)and SO_4~(2-)at 168.9 eV and 170.1 eV binding energies,respectively.The binding energies at 347 eV and 351 eV for Ca 2p_(3/2) and Ca 2p_(1/2) eV,respectively, confirmed the bidentate complexation of Ca~(2+)with COO-and sulfonate groups on SHA.The organic sulfonate formed is postulated as a uremic toxicant.     

外加有机碳源对 NO硝化去除的影响

以亚硝酸钠为唯一氮源,研究了摇床上不同外加有机碳源对NO硝化去除的影响程度,以及两种溶解氧状态下有机碳源浓度对NO硝化去除的影响规律。在此基础上初步探讨了有机碳源对NO硝化作用的影响机理。研究结果表明：葡萄糖作为外加有机碳源对NO硝化去除的影响最大。在溶解氧充分条件下（DO≥2mg／L）,外加低浓度葡萄糖（≤20mg／L）,NO硝化去除率保持在90％以上,外加高浓度葡萄糖（≥100mg/L）,异养菌的氧化作用和自养菌的硝化作用可以同时发生作用;低溶解氧条件下（DO≤2mg/L）,由于异养菌生长优先利用了有限的氧,使硝化菌生长受到了抑制,在局部厌氧区域发生了反硝化作用。     

Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin,France): past,present and future

Nitrate and pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater has become a major problem in intensive farming regions in Europe, with nitrate concentrations reaching values above the standard defined in 2000 by the European Water Framework Directive. In the Seine basin, a major issue is the closure and abandonment of drinking-water wells, which force water managers and drinking-water producers to explore solutions for water resource protection. Organic farming has appeared as a credible alternative to conventional farming, and this study explores the potential of organic farming to reconcile agricultural production and water quality. On the basis of agricultural statistics, survey questionnaires and experimental data, the nitrogen soil surface balance (N-SSB) has been established at the scale of a small 104-km² catchment (The Orgeval sub-basin), representative of the intensive cash crop farming in the Seine basin. The N-surplus for arable land in specialized organic cash crop systems has been found to be half that of current conventional systems (15 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The N-yield in organic systems is 21% lower than in conventional systems, but total fertilization (mostly symbiotic N fixation) is also 26% lower. Whereas 2–3 years of forage legume (e.g., alfalfa) as a starter crop of the typical 7- to 10-year diversified rotation builds up N soil fertility and helps prevent weeds without pesticides, the existence of an outlet for this fodder production is a limiting factor for the economic sustainability and the environmental benefits of these farming systems. Therefore, we explored the possibility of a reconnection of livestock and crop farming systems in the Orgeval catchment, a traditional dairy farming and Brie cheese production region. We calculated the N-SSB for this type of a reconnected livestock and cropping system and found a value very close to the specialized organic cash crop system with full utilization of fodder production, leading to profitable animal production, essentially as milk in this farm design. This reconnected system is compared with the estimated situation in 1955 before separation of plant and livestock production. Furthermore, the N-SSB values were converted into infiltrating sub-root concentrations and used as a boundary condition to a biogeochemical model. Organic cropping and organic reconnected livestock cropping systems result in a 50% reduction of surface water nitrate concentrations, a surface water quality 20% better than that reconstructed for 1955, with an overall higher protein production.