酸性硫酸铵种子气溶胶对甲苯二次有机气溶胶形成和组分的影响研究

酸性硫酸铵是中国城市大气中常见的亚微米气溶胶颗粒,它在二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的形成中起着至关重要的作用.本文利用自制的烟雾腔系统开展了酸性硫酸铵种子气溶胶对甲苯SOA形成和化学组分的影响研究,采用PM_2.5粒子检测仪、高效液相色谱质谱仪和紫外-可见分光光度计测量反应产生的SOA粒子的浓度和组分.实验结果表明,酸性硫酸铵种子气溶胶能够显著促进甲苯SOA的形成.相比于没有种子气溶胶存在时,甲苯SOA中检测到的羧酸组分,甲苯光氧化产生的二醛化合物在酸性硫酸铵颗粒表面上发生非均相反应产生的咪唑类化合物是酸性硫酸铵种子气溶胶存在时甲苯SOA的主要组分.气相二醛化合物能在高浓度酸性硫酸铵种子气溶胶表面快速发生非均相酸催化反应产生咪唑类产物.这为研究高浓度酸性无机细粒子背景下,大气咪唑类含氮有机物棕色碳的形成机制研究提供了实验依据.     

氨与甲苯SOA形成含氮有机物的影响因素研究

利用自制的烟雾腔系统使臭氧光解产生OH自由基,启动甲苯光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶（SOA）粒子,在不同的实验条件下研究甲苯SOA与氨反应形成的含氮有机物,并采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量反应产物溶液在205和270nm处的吸光度,探究光照时间、甲苯、氨、臭氧浓度和相对湿度等环境因素对含氮有机物形成的影响规律.结果表明,有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着紫外光照时间的延长,甲苯、氨和臭氧的浓度的增加而逐渐增大.但是当臭氧浓度超过一定值后,光解生成的高浓度OH自由基能够使甲苯光氧化产物变成更多的挥发性化合物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成.水分子的增加会使臭氧光解产生的OH自由基浓度减少,从而导致有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.这为研究人为源SOA颗粒中含氮有机物棕色碳的形成提供了实验依据.     

羟基自由基浓度对二次有机气溶胶形成的影响

在烟雾腔中光照甲苯/亚硝酸甲酯(CH3ONO)/NO混合物,模拟了羟基自由基(OH·)启动甲苯光氧化反应生成二次有机气溶胶的过程.结果表明,二次有机气溶胶的生成数量随着CH3ONO的浓度增加而增加;在CH3ONO浓度为225.4μL/L时,二次有机气溶胶的生成数量达到最大;此后,增加CH3ONO的浓度反而会降低二次有机气溶胶的粒子密度.因此,对于二次有机气溶胶的形成过程来说,存在一个羟基自由基浓度的最佳值.     

氯化钙种子气溶胶对甲苯二次有机气溶胶与氨形成含氮有机物的影响

苯系物光氧化反应形成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气细粒子的重要组成部分.SOA羧酸和二元醛组分能与氨反应形成有机酸铵和咪唑类含氮有机物,它们能够吸收205 nm和270 nm的紫外辐射,是棕色碳的主要组分.氯化钙等无机种子气溶胶具有较大的比表面积,可为气相羰基化合物和氨提供凝结与反应载体,从而影响含氮有机物的形成.基于此,本文利用烟雾腔研究氯化钙种子气溶胶存在时甲苯SOA与氨的反应,采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量产物溶液在205 nm和270 nm处的吸光度,并定性研究不同浓度、湿度和酸度的氯化钙种子气溶胶对含氮有机物形成的影响.结果表明:氯化钙种子气溶胶能够促进甲苯SOA含氮有机物的形成;含氮有机物的生成浓度随着氯化钙种子气溶胶浓度和pH值的增加而逐渐增大.但当氯化钙种子气溶胶为碱性时,OH~-会与凝结的有机酸发生酸碱中和反应并抑制二元醛化合物水合形成四醇产物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成;水分子的增加占据了氯化钙种子气溶胶表面的吸附活性位点,氨被吸附和凝结的量减少,从而导致含氮有机物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.本研究可为人为源SOA棕色碳的形成机制和化学组成研究提供实验依据.     

硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NOx-空气体系光化学反应的影响

利用大气模拟烟雾箱,研究了硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NOx-空气体系光化学反应的影响.结果表明,硫酸铵作为气溶胶种子,其存在可以加快反应过程中颗粒物(particle matter,PM)的生成速度,并提高甲苯的气溶胶产率.在高浓度的硫酸铵气溶胶种子条件下,其初始浓度对反应过程中NOx、NO和O3的浓度变化没有明显的影响,但对二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aemsol,SOA)的生成有显著影响.在硫酸铵气溶胶种子浓度小于160 μg·m-3时,SOA的产率随初始气溶胶种子浓度的增大而增大,从最小7.2%到最大11.7%,其增幅超过60%.     

氯化铁细粒子对苯二次有机气溶胶化学组分和光学性质的影响

铁离子是大气气溶胶中常见的重金属离子,它能够影响二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的化学组分和光学性质.本文利用烟雾腔系统研究氯化铁细粒子对苯SOA化学组分和光学性质的影响.与无细粒子条件相比,氯化铁细粒子存在时,苯SOA粒子的激光解吸附电离质谱出现m/z=164的离子峰,提取液的紫外可见吸收光谱在396 nm和700 nm附近存在吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱含有m/z=234和272的质谱峰.综合这些谱图信息表明,苯光氧化产生的邻苯二酚等气相产物在细粒子表面与铁离子发生络合、氧化还原反应,产生苯醌类产物和二氯邻苯二酚合铁（Ⅲ）离子和二邻苯二酚合铁（Ⅲ）离子等金属有机物络合离子.这些产物具有较强的吸光能力,导致苯SOA粒子在200～1000 nm范围内的平均质量吸收系数（）值明显增大,并随着氯化铁细粒子浓度的增大而逐渐增大.这为重金属细粒子存在下金属有机络合物的形成机理和光学性质研究提供了实验依据.     

硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NOx-空气体系光化学反应的影响

利用大气模拟烟雾箱,研究了硫酸铵气溶胶对甲苯-NO_x-空气体系光化学反应的影响.结果表明,硫酸铵作为气溶胶种子,其存在可以加快反应过程中颗粒物（particle matter, PM）的生成速度,并提高甲苯的气溶胶产率.在高浓度的硫酸铵气溶胶种子条件下,其初始浓度对反应过程中NO_x、NO和O₃的浓度变化没有明显的影响,但对二次有机气溶胶（secondary organic aerosol, SOA）的生成有显著影响.在硫酸铵气溶胶种子浓度小于160 μg·m^-3时,SOA的产率随初始气溶胶种子浓度的增大而增大,从最小7.2％到最大11.7％,其增幅超过60％.     

仲丁醇对苯乙烯臭氧化反应生成二次有机气溶胶的影响:实验和模型研究

通过烟雾箱实验,研究了仲丁醇对苯乙烯臭氧化反应生成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的影响.结果发现,在烟雾箱实验中,过量仲丁醇的加入导致生成SOA的产率明显下降.同时,结合MCM气相机理和气-粒分配理论,将Criegee中间体与醛类的双分子反应添加到箱式模型中模拟烟雾箱中SOA的生成过程.模拟结果表明,在没有仲丁醇存在的情况下,次级臭氧化物在SOA组分中占1/2左右的比例.仲丁醇的加入消耗了大量的·OH,同时使得[HO_2]/[RO_2]比值升高,影响自由基相关的反应机制,使得SOA产率下降.另外,研究发现,Criegee中间体与醛类反应的速率常数也是影响SOA生成模拟的一个重要参数,需要进一步开展相关的动力学实验和理论研究.     

挥发性有机物生成二次有机气溶胶影响因素的研究进展

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成不仅受前体物排放量的影响,还与一些环境因素有关。为了更为科学地提出SOA污染防治对策,可以采用烟雾箱对SOA生成的影响因素进行模拟研究。介绍了近年来烟雾箱的设计与表征方法,分析了温度、相对湿度、光照强度、种子气溶胶、SO_2、NO_x等典型影响因素的研究现状。指出了现有研究的不足,认为SOA生成过程的模拟工具升级、定性分析和复合影响因素探讨是今后研究的重点。     

京津冀地区二次有机气溶胶形成与来源的模拟研究

近年来我国多地区发生重大的霾污染,细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度极高,来源复杂。有机气溶胶（OA）是PM2.5的重要组成成分之一,占北半球PM2.5质量浓度的20%—90%。在重霾期间二次有机气溶胶（SOA）对OA的贡献率可达44%—71%。因此,本文利用WRF-Chem模式模拟了2017年10月23—28日京津冀地区（BTH）一次重霾污染事件,评估了亚硝酸（HONO）的非均相反应、低温影响下羟基自由基（OH）的反应速率以及挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）对SOA生成的影响。模式较好地再现了BTH的大气污染物与SOA的时空变化特征。敏感性实验分析表明：在研究期间,非均相HONO源可使区域平均SOA浓度增加30.0%;提高·OH反应的速率可使平均SOA浓度增加16.8%;同时提高排放清单中VOCs的排放量与·OH的反应速率时,SOA平均浓度可增加33.6%。并且随着污染程度的加重,SOA在OA中的占比逐渐增加。因此,除了减少一次颗粒物排放外,减少SOA前体物的排放,也是改善空气质量的重要途径之一。     

Size distribution and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol formed from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution and chemical composition of SOA particles were measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer and the aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS), respectively. According to a large number of single aerosol diameter and mass spectra, the size distribution and chemical composition of SOA were obtained statistically. Experimental results showed that SOA particles created by Cl-initiated oxidation of toluene is predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m (i.e., PM2.5), and glyoxal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzoquinone, benzoic acid, benzyl hydroperoxide and benzyl methyl nitrate are the major products components in the SOA. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products are also proposed.     

Size distribution of the secondary organic aerosol particles from the photooxidation of toluene

In a smog chamber, the photooxidation of toluene was initiated by hydroxyl radical （OH.） under different experimental conditions. The size distribution of secondary organic aerosol（SOA） particles from the above reaction was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. It was found from our experimental results that the number of SOA particles increased with increasing the concentration of toluene. As the reaction time prolonged, the sum of SOA particles was also increased. After a reaction time of 130 min, the concentration of secondary organic aerosol particles would be kept constant at 2300 particles/cm^3. Increasing illumination power of blacklamps could significantly induce a higher concentration of secondary organic aerosol particle. The density of SOA particles would also be increased with increasing concentration of CH30NO, however, it would be decreased as soon as the concentration of CH30NO was larger than 225.2 ppm. Nitrogen oxide with initial concentration higher than 30. 1 ppm was also found to have little effect on the formation of secondary organic aerosol.     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成贡献的参数化估算

大气中二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是PM25中的重要组成部分,挥发性有机物(VOCs)的光化学氧化是其主要来源之一.从VOCs转化生成SOA的过程非常复杂,参数化方法是一种相对简化的估算方式,可以用于区分不同VOCs物种对SOA生成的贡献.本文介绍了基于二产物和基于挥发性分级两种常用的参数化估算方法,并总结分析文献报道的SOA估算结果.文章中也指出现在的参数化估算还存在一些问题,如何准确量化VOCs向SOA的转化过程将是大气化学未来的重要研究工作.