Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs(phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration(sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges( 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs(R2= 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

The concentrations of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration(24.19 μg/m3), which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse's workstations, the wards, and the doctor's offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways(16.30 μg/m3). Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs present.Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.     

广东省食品中的氯丙醇酯水平及其人体暴露评估

氯丙醇酯是氯丙醇与脂肪酸反应的一类污染物,该文旨在通过评估食品中的此类污染物对不同人群进行暴露风险评估.在广东省的3个地区采集了包括油条、方便面饼和麻花在内的食品样品,用GC-MS测定了4种氯丙醇酯类化合物,其中主要为2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯.氯丙醇酯浓度最高的为麻花,其次为方便面饼和油条.样品中3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的浓度范围分别为n.d.~0.49 mg·kg~(-1)和n.d.~0.64 mg·kg~(-1).不同样品中2-MCPD酯的浓度均大于3-MCPD酯.对各个年龄的人群暴露评估的结果表明,3~9岁儿童的3-MCPD酯的暴露大于耐受量(TDI)0.8μg·kg-1·d-1,青年与成年组均小于每日最大耐受量(PMTDI)2μg·kg-1·d-1.本研究中的食品样本,对于儿童的暴露均存在健康风险,所以应该减少对油炸食品的摄入量以降低氯丙醇酯对儿童造成的健康风险.     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

典型设施农业土壤酞酸酯污染特征及其健康风险

采用超声提取、气相色谱-质谱技术和CalTOX模型,分析了南京城郊典型设施菜地土壤中6种酞酸酯的污染特征、污染负荷及其健康风险.结果表明,所有的土壤样品中均检测出酞酸酯,6种酞酸酯的总量为0.15~9.68mg/kg,其平均含量为2.21mg/kg;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DnOP)为该地区设施农业土壤的主要酞酸酯种类,其检出率分别为88.2%、100%和79.8%,含量范围分别在n.d.~1.83、0.02~9.03、n.d.~1.74mg/kg之间;土壤pH值和有机碳含量与土壤酞酸酯含量之间无显著相关性,研究区域土壤酞酸酯总体污染负荷为4.31kg/hm2;健康风险评价结果表明DnBP和DEHP的潜在健康风险较高,设施农业从业者的主要暴露途径通过皮肤接触;设施菜地土壤酞酸酯含量、污染负荷以及健康风险均显著高于周边地区露天菜地土壤.     

上海室内外灰尘中多氯联苯及其人体暴露评估

2008年11月~2009年6月以气象学分4个季度测定了上海地区居民家庭室内外灰尘中多氯联苯(PCBs)的浓度.研究表明,春季和冬季室内灰尘中PCBs平均含量高于夏季和秋季,而室外灰尘中PCBs含量表现相反特征.单个室内样品∑PCBs浓度范围为1.0×103~1.97×106pg/g,室外为n.d.~1.96×106pg/g.此外,通过生理学的体外实验模拟人体胃肠消化过程,并利用响应面法研究影响PCBs生物有效性的因素,发现胆汁浓度相对于消化时间、液固比和污染物浓度对PCBs生物有效性影响最大.依据室内外灰尘中PCBs年平均浓度、生物有效性及灰尘摄入量计算得出,上海地区儿童和成人通过摄入灰尘人均PCBs的日暴露量分别为2.657×102~1.078×104pg/d和1.328×102~ 5.392×103pg/d.     

银川城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及人群健康风险评价

采集银川市城区不同功能区的40个地表灰尘样品,采用气相色谱质谱联用的检测方法,测定了美国环保局（EPA）优先控制的6种PAEs化合物的含量,并对其污染特征、污染分布和人体暴露的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,6种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物在地表灰尘样品中均被检测出,Σ₆PAEs的含量为0.096~24.952 mg·kg^-1,平均值和中位数分别为3.452 mg·kg^-1和1.905 mg·kg^-1.各功能区地表灰尘中Σ₆PAEs平均含量由高到低依次为住宅区、文教区、公园、工业区、商业区和交通区.各功能区地表灰尘中的主要PAEs单体为邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DnBP）,二者占到Σ₆PAEs的97.07%.对人体健康风险评价表明,研究区6种优先控制化合物对人体产生的非致癌风险均小于1,未超过EPA推荐的非致癌水平,邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）的致癌风险在可接受的标准范围内,有2个样点的DEHP致癌风险超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视.     

3种磷代阻燃剂在室内外灰尘中的粒径分布规律及人体暴露评估

磷代阻燃剂(Phosphorus flame retardants,PFRs)是目前被广受关注的一类新型有机污染物.探究了北京市5类典型室内外灰尘中3种PFRs(三(2-丁氧乙基)磷酸酯(Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,TBOEP)、磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(Tris(chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP)、磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate,TCIPP))的污染特征、粒径分布规律及人体暴露水平.结果显示,3种PFRs在宾馆灰尘中的污染水平均最高,在道路灰尘中最低.PFRs在不同类型灰尘中的粒径分布特征存在显著差异.宾馆员工和儿童对灰尘中PFRs的暴露水平较高,需引起重视.     

银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价

在宁夏银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地共采集49个表层土样,采用气相色谱质谱联用检测方法,分析了土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters,PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染分布、污染特征进行了评价,同时对美国EPA和欧盟优先控制的6种PAEs进行了人体暴露的健康风险评价.结果表明,银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(∑16PAEs)的含量范围为2.123~17.271 mg·kg~(-1),平均值和中位数分别为5.120和4.324 mg·kg~(-1).土样中DMP、DEP、Dn BP、DIBP和DEHP的检出率为100%.其中,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP是研究区土壤中PAEs污染物的主要组成部分,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP分别占∑16PAEs总量的46.03%、26.55%和10.32%,三者之和占∑16PAEs的82.79%,占美国EPA 6种优先控制污染物水平的86.16%.对人体健康风险评价表明,研究区6种优先控制化合物对人体产生的非致癌风险均1,未超过EPA推荐的非致癌水平,表明非致癌风险在可接受范围之内.对于DEHP单体,居民通过饮食途径的致癌风险为(0.779±1.370)×10-5,超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视,而BBP和DEHP其它非饮食途径的致癌风险都在可接受范围,不会对人体健康产生危害.     

胃肠模拟体外法的生理参数对室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的生物有效性的影响

室内灰尘吞食暴露是邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的主要暴露途径,测定室内灰尘中该类有机污染物的生物有效性对其暴露风险评价至关重要.本研究选择胃肠模拟体外方法-生理原理提取法(PBET)法测定室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(Butyl benzyl phthalate,BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)和三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP)的生物有效性.研究了PBET法中胆盐含量、模拟肠液p H值、液固比及同时摄入奶粉等生理参数对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,4种有机污染物的生物有效性从1.5%(DEHP)到52%(TCEP),随污染物辛醇水分配系数的增加而降低.随着模拟液胆盐含量增加,DBP、BBP与DEHP的生物有效性逐渐增加,并在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后趋于平稳.TCEP由于其较好的水溶性,生物有效性并未随着胆盐含量的增加而明显变化.奶粉含量的增加则显著增加了DBP、BBP、DEHP和TCEP的生物有效性,在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后普遍呈现下降趋势.随着液固比的增加,DBP和DEHP的生物有效性显著提升,然而BBP与TCEP的生物有效性却未发生明显改变.在p H 6~8范围内,均未对4种有机物的生物有效性产生显著影响.     

中小学塑胶跑道中邻苯类塑化剂的含量监测与健康风险评估研究

近几年,"毒跑道"事件的持续爆发引起了社会公众的极大关注.邻苯二甲酸酯类(Phthalate Acid Esters, PAEs)塑化剂是塑胶跑道中的风险因子之一,但其含量监测与风险评估仍未见报道.本研究采集了13个地市中小学的83个塑胶跑道样本,使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析6种PAEs的含量,并应用美国环保署提供的PAEs评估方法评估其健康风险.结果表明,94.0%的塑胶跑道样品中检出PAEs,其中,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出率最高,达91.6%.6种PAEs(DEHP、DBP、DIDP、DINP、DNOP、BBP)含量之和(∑6PAEs)为0～26665 mg·kg~(-1),中位数为1850 mg·kg~(-1).经评估,塑胶跑道中6种PAEs的非致癌风险均低于1,对人体无明显非致癌危害.儿童和成人PAEs的致癌风险分别为8.84×10~(-6)和8.17×10~(-6),表明有一定致癌风险,但在可接受范围内.6种PAEs中,DEHP对非致癌风险和致癌风险的贡献度最大,并且儿童的风险高于成人.因此,将PAEs纳入中小学塑胶跑道的风险物质,并进行严格管控具有显著的必要性.     

城市道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征研究

2 0 0 3年 1月采集广州市城区包括居民区、城区交通主干道、垃圾堆放场、休闲旅游区、商业区和工业区等 2 0个道路灰尘样品 .参照USE PA80 61系列方法 ,研究了广州市城区道路灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯 (PhthalateEsters,PAEs)的分布特征 .结果表明 ,道路灰尘样品中PAEs含量范围为 4 48～ 3 70 42 μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,平均值为 13 2 5 8μg·g- 1 (干重 ) ,TOC质量分数为 1 42 %～ 16 93 % .综合商业大厦、繁华商业步行街、饮料生产厂区、城区交通主干道和农贸市场道路灰尘PAEs含量较高 ;DEHP、DnBP和DiBP为道路灰尘中主要的PAEs;道路灰尘中wDEHP>wDnBP>wDiBP>wDnOP>wDEP>wDMP.     

邻苯二甲酸酯在包气带土层中的迁移模拟研究

选择垃圾渗滤液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为特征污染物,通过室内实验确定了DMP和DBP在包气带土层的降解、吸附、弥散参数,建立了DMP和DBP在包气带迁移的对流-弥散数学模型.利用有限差分数值解方法,预测了DMP和DBP在包气带土层中迁移及其对饱水带地下水的污染风险.结果表明,DMP和DBP 的包气带污染距离分别可达6.5m和0.5m,DMP存在丰水期污染饱水带地下水的风险,而DBP的污染风险较小.     

环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯固相膜萃取预富集方法

使用C₁₈键合硅胶固相萃取膜,研究了环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAES）类化合物的固相膜萃取预富集方法,探讨了影响萃取效果的因素;并以环境水样为介质,比较了固相膜萃取与液－液萃取的富集效果．结果表明,4种PAEs膜萃取回收率均高于85％,与液－液萃取结果相近;同时还给出了实际水样中4种PAES固相膜萃取结果．     

夏季学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染特征和暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对35个南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘样品中的DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP 和DOP等6种PAES进行提取分离,采用GC-MS定量分析,研究了PAEs污染变化特征及暴露风险.结果表明,南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染以DEHP和DBP为主,中位值浓度分别为126.916μg/g和123.591μg/g,两者之和占Σ6PAEs浓度的99%以上,室内降尘中PAEs污染程度和类型与室内含增塑剂产品的数量、室内清洁通风情况及成员性别有关;经口暴露水平大于皮肤,其中DBP、DEHP的暴露量高于美国,占人体总PAEs摄入量比例较高,故学生宿舍降尘中PAEs暴露应给予重视.     

废塑料再生企业排污河道沉积物酞酸酯污染特征与生态风险评价

为研究酞酸酯(PAEs)的环境行为及其生态风险,特选择有近30年废塑料处理历史的莱州市沙河镇珍珠河流域为研究对象,采集了26个0～10 cm表层沉积物样品与8个10～30 cm底层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试了被USEPA列为优先控制污染物的6种PAEs含量,分析其污染水平、空间分布、表层与底层沉积物中PAEs含量差异并进行生态风险评价.结果表明,表层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～39.36 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为10.42 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～35.90 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为9.46 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的90.8%.底层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～97.11 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为21.64 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～93.9 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为20.4 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的94.1%.底层沉积物中DEHP与DnOP的贡献率较表层高,但表层沉积物中各类PAEs及∑_6PAEs含量高于底层沉积物.在空间特征上,PAEs与废塑料处理产业集中区域密切相关,同时显示出与河道动力学相关的不均衡性.生态风险评价显示,该地PAEs污染具有较大的不可接受的生态风险.