基质浓度对ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化脱氮除碳效能影响及动力学特征

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为研究对象,以一定COD、NH+4-N和NO-2-N比例增加进水基质浓度,以明确基质负荷提高对ABR厌氧氨氧化和反硝化协同体系脱氮除碳的影响,并通过基质去除模型获得反应器对基质的耐受程度.研究表明,ABR反应器能够实现厌氧氨氧化反硝化耦合脱氮除碳,当进水基质COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度从220、168和60 mg·L~(-1)提高至420、270和110 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能下降,COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别为97%、94%、30%和78%,厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的贡献率从43.08%骤降至16.49%,反硝化脱氮贡献率从53.81%增至82.07%.动力学模型拟合发现,Stover-Kincannon模型(R2=0.937,TN;R2=0.975,COD)较一级基质去除模型(R2=0.314,TN;R2=0.016,COD)更适合评价反应器对基质的承受力;Stover-Kincannon模型表明,反应器对TN和COD的最大基质利用率分别为1.43 g·L-1·d-1和3.33 g·L-1·d-1,饱和常数(KB)分别为1.2和3.79,研究认为ABR协同脱氮除碳体系理论上还有继续提升基质负荷的潜力.     

UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器处理污泥脱水液的影响因素研究

研究基质质量浓度、温度、pH值、HRT和C/N比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响.试验水样采用污泥脱水液,控制进水ρ(NH+4-N)/ρ(NO-2-N)为1∶1.32,分别考察了在不同基质质量浓度、HRT、温度、pH值和C/N比的情况下,UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.结果表明,在进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L-1和264 mg·L-1、HRT=24 h、温度为30～35℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、C/N比在0.5左右的条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效果最佳,NH+4-N、NO-2-N和TN平均去除率分别达到75.72%、76.36%和70.19%,TN平均容积负荷可达0.464 kg·(m3·d)-1,COD平均去除率在30%左右.通过合理控制进水基质质量浓度和HRT能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.只有在适宜的温度和pH值范围内,厌氧氨氧化菌才能表现出较高的活性.当进水添加有机物时,厌氧氨氧化反应器中存在反硝化现象,且随着有机物质量浓度的升高,异养反硝化菌的竞争优势逐渐增强,对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用.     

厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

利用ABR反应器在温度为27℃,p H为8,HRT为10 h,进水NO-2-N/NH+4-N为1.32条件下,在45 d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应,稳定阶段反应器出水TN平均去除率为83%,此阶段的三氮比ΔNH+4-N∶ΔNO-2-N∶ΔNO-3-N为1∶1.31∶0.27.在利用厌氧氨氧化反应器处理实际污水过程中,进水中不可避免地含有一定量的有机碳.在C/N比为0.5时,有机碳对厌氧氨氧化反应无明显影响;厌氧氨氧化菌与反硝化菌的最佳协同作用条件为C/N=1,此时TN平均去除率为93%;在C/N比为2时有机碳会对厌氧氨氧化菌产生抑制作用,导致TN去除率降低;降低进水COD浓度后,厌氧氨氧化菌能在短时间内恢复活性.考察了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用对城市污水的处理性能,证明ABR协同脱氮反应器适用于处理低氨氮浓度城市污水,出水TN浓度为7.5 mg·L-1左右,平均去除率达86%.     

ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化处理城市污水

为推进厌氧氨氧化技术应用于城市污水处理,耦合亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,并在其前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺进行城市污水脱氮除碳,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况。结果表明,ABR除碳系统出水COD平均浓度120mg·L-1,不会对后续亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统产生不利影响,控制亚硝化系统出水和ABR除碳出水比例为2:1作为厌氧氨氧化系统进水,满足ANAMMOX所需NO2--N和NH4+-N基质比1:1左右的要求。一体式反应器总氮去除率在86%~92%,出水COD浓度在20~40mg·L-1。同时,实验后亚硝化系统中与反硝化作用密切相关的γ-Protebacteria纲有所增加,厌氧氨氧化系统中具有较高微生物生长速率和增强脱氮速率功能的Sphingobacteria纲显著增加,ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺能够有效用于处理城市污水脱氮除碳。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺的启动及微生物群落变化特征

为了解厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化启动过程中脱氮除碳性能与微生物群落的关系,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度研究了SAD启动过程中脱氮除碳性能和微生物群落变化.结果表明,随着进水COD浓度增加,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N的浓度保持稳定,平均去除率均在98%以上; TN去除率逐渐升高,第3阶段TN平均去除率为95. 6%,比厌氧氨氧化理论TN去除率高6. 8%;ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N明显下降,从0. 15～0. 17逐步降至0. 03～0. 07;厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率逐渐下降,反硝化脱氮贡献率逐渐上升,COD去除率逐步增加.污泥活性分析表明SAD启动后污泥反硝化活性明显增加,厌氧氨氧化活性略微降低.高通量测序结果表明,反应器内微生物的优势菌门为绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、装甲菌门和变形菌门,微生物群落特征与SAD脱氮除碳性能密切相关,与脱氮除碳有关的功能微生物主要有厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,SAD启动后反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌丰度减少,厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌丰度明显增加.     

基质比对ABR厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮性能的影响

为解决厌氧氨氧化底物去除不彻底导致总氮去除偏低的问题,通过控制不同的进水基质比,对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统最佳进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N为1.34,此时NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除率同时达到99.99%左右,总氮去除率达到峰值为87%,当进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N从1逐渐降低至0.49和从1.34逐渐提高至1.62时,反应器对NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的绝对去除量较为稳定,NH+4-N或N_2~O--N过量对ABR厌氧氨氧化系统没有产生明显抑制;此外,不同基质比条件下,NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除基本在第1隔室完成,基质比变化对ABR各隔室的脱氮效果没有产生显著影响,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统对基质浓度的变化具有较好的稳定性.     

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

CRI系统厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮的启动及性能

为进一步提高脱氮效率,该文采用人工快渗(CRJ)系统作为厌氧氨氧化反应器,考察了有机物添加对氮素污染物转化及菌群结构的影响,探讨了厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮的可行性.结果 表明,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度至20 mg/L,可在49d内实现CRI系统厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化的快速启动,稳定运行期间TN平均去除率达到98.1％,相比未添加有机物时启动周期缩短了11d,TN平均去除率提高了7.3％.当进水COD浓度提高至25 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率降低了27.2％,主要厌氧氨氧化功能菌属Candidatus Kuenenia的相对丰度降至12.42％,而反硝化功能菌属Flavobacterium的相对丰度升至11.16％,反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌竞争反应基质而导致厌氧氨氧化活性被削弱,TN平均去除率下降了13.5％.因此,将进水有机物浓度控制在适宜范围时可有效改善厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能.     

ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化处理城市污水

为推进厌氧氨氧化技术应用于城市污水处理,耦合亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,并在其前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺进行城市污水脱氮除碳,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,ABR除碳系统出水COD平均浓度120 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统产生不利影响,控制亚硝化系统出水和ABR除碳出水比例为2∶1作为厌氧氨氧化系统进水,满足ANAMMOX所需NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N基质比1∶1左右的要求.一体式反应器总氮去除率在86%～92%,出水COD浓度在20～40 mg·L~(-1).同时,实验后亚硝化系统中与反硝化作用密切相关的γ-Protebacteria纲有所增加,厌氧氨氧化系统中具有较高微生物生长速率和增强脱氮速率功能的Sphingobacteria纲显著增加,ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺能够有效用于处理城市污水脱氮除碳.     

气升装置对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了气升回流装置在提高进水基质浓度以提高反应器氮负荷过程中对反应器脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,在气升室中利用厌氧氨氧化反应产生的氮气作为动力可以实现出水自动循环.随着反应器脱氮效能的提高,气升室回流量也逐步增加,能够有效稀释进水基质浓度,缓解其对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制.经过183 d运行,进水NH+4-N、NO-2-N质量浓度分别提高至700 mg·L-1和840 mg·L-1,出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度最高达到46.3 mg·L-1和53.21mg·L-1,氮去除速率稳定在28.3 kg·(m3·d)-1左右.说明气升装置所形成的自回流系统能够有效改善传统厌氧氨氧化反应器运行过程中高基质浓度抑制的问题,同时减少外置回流泵的动力消耗,是一种经济有效的措施.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.