生物组合工艺处理化纤废水的实验研究

采用缺氧反硝化+好氧活性污泥生物脱氮+生物接触氧化工艺处理聚合及染整工艺处理实际生产混合废水,在水力停留时间(HRT)为48h;污泥回流比为50%;污泥负荷:0.15kgBOD/kgMLSS·d;混合液回流比:200%~300%的工艺运行条件下,出水CODCr≤60mgL,CODCr去除率达到97.7%以上,出水TN≤14mg/L,TN去除率达到94.4%以上;出水NH_3-N≤3.82mg/L,NH_3-N去除率达到90.5%以上,出水达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准。该工艺出水效果良好,工艺简单可靠,运行稳定,有较好的推广价值。     

D-A~2O技术处理校园生活污水的中试研究

设计了双系列厌氧/缺氧交替运行式A~2O(D-A~2O)中试反应器,进行18个月的生活污水处理的试验研究。研究结果表明,反应器最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为6 h。当气温≥28℃时,温度的影响主要体现在气温方面;当气温28℃,温度的影响主要体现在水温方面。控制混合液回流比(R)=200%、污泥回流比(r)=100%、双系列厌氧/缺氧交替运行时间(DAOT)=1 h,水温为(22±2)℃时,系统的COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP去除率分别可达94.54%、81.50%、97.73%、94.47%;水温降至(12±1)℃时,COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP去除率分别为87.21%、69.33%、81.29%、75.96%。以剩余污泥经浓缩稳定后的泥水混合液作为学生假期离校后系统的外加碳源,形成应对碳源不足的有效调控策略。分析结果表明,D-A~2O技术中试研究成果具有推广应用的可能性。     

好氧颗粒污泥与膜生物反应器组合工艺处理城市生活污水

为解决城市生活污水处理工艺存在水力停留时间较长、占地面积较大、脱氮除磷效果较差等问题,研究开发一套处理城市生活污水的AGS-MBR新工艺。以20%的实际生活污水和80%的人工配水混合为原水,基于逐步增加有机负荷和缩短沉淀时间的启动方式,连续运行AGS-MBR工艺100 d,考察AGS的污泥特性变化,并监测进、出水中COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的去除效果。结果表明:在40 d时,SBR内培养出粒径达到2 mm的好氧颗粒污泥,比耗氧速率为46. 5 mg/(g·h),微生物代谢活性较高。工艺稳定运行期间,出水ρ(COD)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为22,0. 07,9. 5,0. 43mg/L,达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准。     

AAO工艺在不同HRT和回流比条件下对实际污水的处理效果

以实际污水为对象,采用中试装置研究AAO工艺中不同水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比,发现:AAO系统在HRT为4~8 h、污泥回流比为0.5~1.0、混合液回流比为1~2、ρ(MLVSS)=800~1 300 mg/L时,系统脱氮除磷效果受降雨冲击影响较大,但对COD去除稳定。TN去除率随进水浓度及COD/TN的增加而增加,增大混合液回流比不能有效提高TN去除率;TP去除率受进水COD及回流液中NO_3~--N浓度影响较大。实验结果表明:低碳高氮磷污水要实现氮磷同时达标,需要适当投加碳源以及混凝剂。     

倒置A2/O-MBR处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP、出水SS、跨膜压差(TMP)的影响.结果表明,该系统对COD、NH4+-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB 18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg.L-1;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达90%左右;在膜丝未大量断裂前,系统出水SS小于10mg.L-1;随着系统的运行,TMP逐渐增大,不正确的曝气方式会导致TMP迅速增加.膜截留对COD、TP、SS有直接去除作用,由于膜滤出水中没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌在反应器中生长;当污泥浓度增加到6 500 mg.L-1左右,进水量增加0.5倍对出水水质影响很小.     

基于ANN的SBBR-CRI处理模拟生活污水及其仿真研究

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)与人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)工艺结合对模拟生活污水进行处理,由于该工艺影响因素与出水参数的复杂非线性关系,利用人工神经网络(ANN)对SBBR-CRI处理生活污水的过程进行仿真模拟.在MATLAB语言环境下,以DO、淹没时间/落干时间、曝气时间/停曝时间、进水COD、进水NH4+-N、进水TP为输入因素,出水COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP为输出因素,构建具有自适应学习规则的人工神经网络.结合最优网络运行参数:隐含层节点数6,初始学习率0.13,动量因子0.6,训练次数6000次,对样本仿真学习,预测值与实际值拟合度较好,样本的绝对平均误差率在7.5%之内,均方根误差均在0.085之内.结果表明,当DO为2mg/L,曝气时间/停曝时间为2/1,淹没时间/落干时间为1/3时,NH4+-N去除率能达到98%以上,TN和TP去除率85%以上,COD去除率94%以上.通过权重分析,进水NH4+-N、DO和进水TP对出水参数影响较大.     

水解酸化-接触氧化-MBR一体化装置处理农村生活污水

采用逐步提高进水负荷的方式,耗时65 d,成功启动了水解酸化-接触氧化-MBR生物反应器。反应器启动成功后,COD与NH_3-N的去除率分别为85%和80%,MBR膜过滤时间为100 min,反洗时间为4 min。将调试完成的"水解酸化-接触氧化-MBR"一体化设备用于处理农村污水,系统运行90 d后,出水ρ(COD)为35 mg/L,ρ(NH_3-N)为3.7 mg/L,ρ(SS)为5.1 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.3 mg/L,均达到DB 13/2171—2015《农村生活污水排放标准》一级A标准和GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,且设备运行稳定可靠。     

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

滤料对生物滤池启动及污水处理的影响

该文以农村生活污水为研究对象,设计了一种生物滤池污水处理工艺,选择陶粒、弹性材料和聚丙烯球为滤料,活性污泥辅助挂膜,考察不同滤料的挂膜及污水处理效果。结果表明,陶粒滤料表面附着的生物膜量在28 d进入了稳定期,达26.88 mg/g,而弹性滤料和聚丙烯球分别需32 d和34 d,其膜量为19.62 mg/g和16.78 mg/g,且陶粒生物滤池的COD和NH_4~+-N去除率在第28天趋于稳定,膜生物量最大。陶粒滤料在供试的生活污水中COD去除率可以达到96.3%,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准;TP去除率达到63.46%,NH_4~+-N去除率达到82.9%,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放二级标准;TN去除率可以达到67.6%,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准。陶粒滤料在低、中、高污染负荷条件下,均有较好的碳、氮、磷处理效果,中污染负荷时去除率更高,COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN去除率达96.9%、64.2%、82.2%和68.9%。在C/N比为5∶1、10∶1、15∶1条件下,陶粒滤料均有较好的碳、氮、磷处理效果,C/N为10∶1时去除率更高,COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率达95.6%、64.7%、81.3%和67.9%;陶粒滤料在8、18、28℃条件下,均有较好的碳、氮、磷处理效果,温度为28℃时去除率更高,COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率达96.1%、63.9%、81.6%和68.5%。     

多相泥膜耦合工艺处理煤矿生活污水的试验研究

为提高煤矿生活污水营养型污染物去除效果,基于A/O、MABFT、MBR等生物处理工艺原理构建多相泥膜耦合反应器,通过现场试验分析了污染物去除能力。结果表明,在生化HRT=15 h、ρ(COD)=150～220 mg/L、ρ(NH_3-N)=20～32 mg/L、ρ(TN)=28～46 mg/L、ρ(TP)=5～8 mg/L的进水条件下,多相泥膜耦合工艺出水COD、NH_3-N、TN、TP浓度优于《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)锅炉补给水标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.