中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度时空变化特征分析

为揭示中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化特征,并以其为自然背景值指导人为活动导致的臭氧污染控制工作,该研究通过汇总统计中国15个典型自然背景地区与337个地级及以上城市2016—2020年环境空气臭氧自动监测数据,比较分析中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度的年度、季节、日内变化规律与空间分布规律. 结果表明:2016—2020年,中国自然背景地区臭氧年均浓度明显高于城市区域,但臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度的第90百分位数(简称“臭氧年90百分位浓度”)明显低于城市,自然背景地区和城市区域臭氧年均浓度同步快速提升,年均增长分别为1.5和2.0 μg/m3. 中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度季节性变化规律与城市区域存在较大差异,自然背景地区臭氧平均浓度最高值出现在春季,夏、秋、冬三季臭氧平均浓度差异不明显,与东亚环太平洋背景地区臭氧浓度季节性变化规律(春季最高、夏季最低)存在明显差异. 部分自然背景地区受人为活动排放的影响较小,臭氧浓度不存在明显的日内峰谷差,全天臭氧浓度基本保持相同水平;部分自然背景地区可能受邻近城市人为活动排放的臭氧前体物影响,臭氧浓度日内变化规律与邻近城市较为一致,存在明显的日内峰谷差. 研究显示,中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化规律与城市区域存在显著差异,臭氧浓度年均值升高迅速,部分自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化规律可能受邻近城市人为活动排放的臭氧前体物传输的影响.      

杭州市夏季臭氧污染特征及一次污染过程分析

文章利用2016-2021年杭州市环境空气质量国控监测站点及杭州光化学网站点监测数据,分析杭州夏季臭氧浓度变化特征,并结合气象资料分析一次臭氧典型污染过程。研究表明,杭州市夏季臭氧污染严重,6月超标天数要高于7月和8月,夏季臭氧浓度日变化呈现“单峰型”,8月平均臭氧日变化的峰值要略高于6月和7月。2021年6月5-9日杭州市出现的一次中度污染的臭氧污染过程,主要是在不利气象条件以及较高浓度前体物影响下的本地生成,而6月7日在本地生成之外,还受到东北方向城市区域的污染传输影响。     

上海市郊春季臭氧及其前体物观测研究

利用上海市郊金山环境监测站沿海站点2007年春季的逐时臭氧浓度及其前体物的观测数据,分析了臭氧浓度的时间变化规律,以及海风和陆风对臭氧和其前体物(NO、NO2和CO)浓度的影响.结果表明,臭氧浓度总体较高,共有10日出现臭氧浓度超标,表现出了比较明显的春季高峰现象;臭氧浓度的日变化表现出了受污染地区的典型特征,而NO和...     

中国城市群臭氧时空分布特征分析

为揭示我国主要城市群近地面臭氧的时空分布规律,使用空气质量监测网站发布的2019年243个城市共计1215个站点的臭氧浓度数据对中国正在稳步建设的19个城市群的臭氧时空分布特征进行分析,结果表明:臭氧污染高发期主要集中在夏季6、7月份,春末秋初次之,冬季基本不发生污染.城市群100μg/m³以上的臭氧浓度占比变化趋势大致表现为不规则的“V”和“W”两大类.2019年我国19个城市群可明显提取出北部和南部两个浓度分布高值中心,分别出现在夏季和秋季,夏季根据污染严重程度又可将高值中心划分为两个层级.城市群臭氧浓度分布具有空间自相关特性,夏季热点区域与北部高值中心重合,秋季则与南部高值中心位置一致,此时冷点区域面积达到最大.由于臭氧污染成因的复杂性,不能简单以现有城市群等级划分结果对其进行分级管理,需要根据实际分布情况对不同城市群制定相应污染防控措施.     

中国臭氧浓度的时空变化特征及分区

采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)法分析了2016年中国338城市臭氧浓度的时空变化特征,根据2016年污染季节(5月至10月)的REOF分析结果,确定出10个具有明显同比变化的区域,不同区域间臭氧浓度的时间变化趋势彼此独立,受到当地地形因素、气象条件、光化学反应等因素的影响.10个区域中,除华南地区和青藏高原外其他地区2014年至2016年臭氧日最大8小时浓度(O3-8h)均呈上升趋势.臭氧分区受到地形地貌特征的影响较大,显示出地形和地貌对臭氧空间相关性的重要影响.黄淮平原、华北平原、长江中下游地区等3个人口稠密区域臭氧浓度较高,应该作为臭氧污染控制战略的重点区域.     

多尺度PM_(2.5)分布特征的空间插值与遥感反演对比

精确识别污染物浓度的空间分布是进行区域大气污染防治的重要基础。利用MODIS卫星数据,采用基于地面气象和环境空气质量监测站点观测数据为基础的反演模型,反演获取2013年12月珠三角地区典型大气污染过程1 km分辨率的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,对比分析遥感反演及基于环境空气质量监测站点观测数据的空间插值方法对区域、城市和乡镇尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征的再现效果差异。结果表明,珠三角地区PM_(2.5)遥感反演结果与地面观测数据的相关性达到0.74,相关性水平较好,遥感反演结果可描述区域、城市和乡镇尺度上PM_(2.5)污染浓度的空间分布特征,识别不同空间位置的污染程度差异;基于站点观测数据的空间插值方法对PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征的再现能力有限,在区域尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征分析时效果尚可,在站点有限的城市和乡镇尺度分析中效果不佳,容易产生对高浓度污染地区的误判;在需要利用站点观测数据分析区域尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征时,析取克里金、反距离权重或径向基函数插值方法的效果相对较好。     

基于观测的我国典型地区臭氧局地化学生成及其关键前体物来源

为研究近年来我国重点区域(京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区、成渝地区及汾渭平原)臭氧局地化学生成的控制因素，利用2014-2019年这些区域共8个代表性站点的夏秋季臭氧及前体物浓度数据，比较分析五大重点区域8个站点的挥发性有机物(VOCs)组成特征及其与臭氧化学生成之间关系.结果表明：(1)这5个重点区域的VOCs浓度主要由烷烃组成，而活性组分则以烯烃、含氧VOCs和芳香烃为主.(2)以泰安和成都作为郊区和城市站点的案例研究表明，环境条件发生变化(平均温度增加2℃、辐射增加20%或天然源排放增加20%)可能对当地臭氧生成量产生一定影响，但它们并不足以改变对臭氧生成控制区的判定.(3)通过采用VOCs来源解析技术和相对增量反应活性的方法，发现机动车尾气、工业和溶剂使用等人为源类别是影响局地臭氧化学生成的关键VOCs排放源，而在农村或郊区(如望都、泰安等站点)，天然源VOCs对臭氧生成贡献很大.研究显示，实现降低各城市臭氧峰值浓度，则需要制定并实施差异化的前体物减排策略，以便根据每个城市的VOCs排放特征及其对当地臭氧生成的影响来进行有效控制；同时认为，重点控制人为源VOCs是有效...     

利用经验正交函数分解方法分析广州臭氧污染特征

广州市空气污染治理重点逐渐转向臭氧污染治理,理清臭氧污染特征是制定治理措施的基础。文章利用经验正交函数分解方法对2016-2018年广州市51个监测点的臭氧逐时浓度进行分解。分解得到的51个模态的解释方差均较小,反映出臭氧污染特征的复杂性。该文只分析头3大模态,累积解释方差贡献率32.7%。第一模态显示市区及南部地区臭氧为负距平值区,北部地区为正距平值区,反映的是臭氧和二氧化氮的"跷跷板"关系;第二模态显示广州南部为正距平值区,北部为负距平值区,中部为过渡区,反映的是南北地区受太阳辐射不同所导致的臭氧浓度差异;第三模态的时间系数存在明显的日变化和季节变化,空间分布反映的是城乡差异,反映的是城市热岛效应对臭氧浓度的影响。     

银川市臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

依据2014年银川市6个自动空气监测子站的监测数据,分析银川市臭氧浓度的污染特征,并对夏季臭氧相关气象因子进行分析。结果表明,从监测点位来看,银湖巷站点臭氧浓度最高,宁安大街次之,宁化生活区臭氧浓度最低。从时间变化规律来看,银川市臭氧浓度呈夏季最高,春季次之,秋季、冬季污染较低,其中臭氧月均浓度最大值出现在5月、6月。臭氧日变化呈单峰变化规律,夜间臭氧浓度较低,白天臭氧浓度较高。夏季臭氧浓度与二氧化氮、相对湿度呈显著的负相关性,与气温、风速呈显著正相关性。     

20世纪90年代以来粤港澳大湾区臭氧污染研究进展

粤港澳大湾区是我国开放程度最高、经济活力最强的区域之一,在国家发展大局中具有重要战略地位.20世纪90年代以来,粤港澳三地政府在空气质量监测、空气污染治理方面做了大量工作,粤港澳大湾区颗粒物浓度持续下降,但臭氧浓度快速增长,臭氧已成为粤港澳大湾区首要污染物.为深化粤港澳大湾区臭氧污染研究及臭氧污染防控,本文综述了粤港澳大湾区20世纪90年代以来臭氧污染观测研究的主要进展,回顾了臭氧监测网络建立、臭氧浓度水平及其时空变化特征、臭氧生成和污染输送的气象过程、区域臭氧来源解释等方面的研究发现,提出新时期粤港澳大湾区臭氧研究的建议.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.