西安冬季PM2.5中不同极性水溶性有机物的污染特征及氧化潜势

大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)通过产生活性氧(ROS)对健康造成不利影响.酸性、中性和高极性水溶性有机物(WSOM)是有机气溶胶中产生ROS的重要成分.采集西安市区2019年冬季PM_2.5样品,深入探究不同极性水平WSOM组分的污染特征和健康风险.结果表明,西安市PM_2.5中ρ(WSOM)为(4.62±1.89)μg·m^-3,类腐殖质物质(HULIS)是WSOM的重要组成部分(78.81%±10.50%),霾天HULIS的占比更高.三类不同极性WSOM的碳浓度水平在霾天和非霾天大小分别为：中性HULIS(HULIS-n)>酸性HULIS(HULIS-a)>高极性有机物(HP-WSOM)和HULIS-n>HP-WSOM>HULIS-a.采用DCFH(2′,7′-二氯二氢荧光素)法测量其氧化潜势(OP),发现霾天和非霾天单位质量OP(OP_m)的规律均为HP-WSOM>HULIS-a>HULIS-n,单位空气体积OP(OP_v)特征...     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

Impact of Beijing's “Coal to Electricity” program on ambient PM2.5 and the associated reactive oxygen species (ROS)

The Beijing “Coal to Electricity” program provides a unique opportunity to explore air quality impacts by replacing residential coal burning with electrical appliances. In this study, the atmospheric ROS (Gas-phase ROS and Particle-phase ROS, abbreviated to G-ROS and P-ROS) were measured by an online instrument in parallel with concurrent PM_2.5 sample collections analyzed for chemical composition and cellular ROS in a baseline year (Coal Use Year-CUY) and the first year following implementation of the “Coal to Electricity” program (Coal Ban Year-CBY). The results showed PM_2.5 concentrations had no significant difference between the two sampling periods, but the activities of G-ROS, P-ROS, and cellular ROS in CBY were 8.72 nmol H₂O₂/m³, 9.82 nmol H₂O₂/m³, and 2045.75 µg UD /mg PM higher than in CUY.Six sources were identified by factor-analysis from the chemical components of PM_2.5. Secondary sources (SECs) were the dominant source of PM_2.5 in the two periods, with 15.90% higher contribution in CBY than in CUY. Industrial Emission & Coal Combustion sources (Ind. & CCs), mainly from regional transport, also increased significantly in CBY. The contributions of Aged Sea Salt & Residential Burning sources to PM_2.5 decreased 5.31% from CUY to CBY. The correlation results illustrated that Ind. & CCs had significant positive correlations with atmospheric ROS, and SECs significantly associated with cellular ROS, especially nitrates (r = 0.626, p = 0.000). Therefore, the implementation of the “Coal to Electricity” program reduced PM_2.5 contributions from coal and biomass combustion, but had little effect on the improvement of atmospheric and cellular ROS.     

EDDS强化Fe0-Al0体系降解废水中4-氯酚的性能和机理

采用乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）强化Fe⁰-Al⁰体系还原水溶液中的O₂产生H₂O₂和·OH等活性氧（ROS）的绿色高级氧化工艺,以4-氯酚（4-CP）模拟废水为研究对象,考察了溶液的初始pH值、铁铝的质量比、EDDS投加量和4-CP的初始浓度等因素对4-CP降解的影响.采用电子自旋共振（ESR）法、苯甲酸捕捉法以及4-CP的降解产物等证实了ROS的产生及4-CP的降解机制.结果表明：EDDS强化Fe⁰-Al⁰/O₂体系对4-CP的去除率随溶液初始pH的升高而降低,但在pH=2.5～9范围内,始终具有较好的4-CP去除率;随Fe⁰：Al⁰质量比增加4-CP的去除率先增大后减小,最佳质量比为4：1;随EDDS投加量和4-CP初始浓度增加,4-CP的去除率增大;EDDS可使体系的高级氧化能力提高9倍,在初始pH=2.5、Fe⁰=8g/L、Al⁰=2g/L、EDDS=1.5mmol/L条件下,反应3h后100mg/L 4-CP的去除率和脱氯率均达到近100%..     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levelsof toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usuallyhave high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153,nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp(Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscopeobservations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNAfragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate theoccurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/LPCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%).Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA),clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ectsinduced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was morecytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytesdepend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

几种重金属对皱纹盘鲍血细活性氧产生的影响

体外条件下利用化学发光法定量地研究了不同种类和不同浓度的重金属:Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb、C和Zn对皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬时活性氧产生的影响。结果表明,不同种类和不同浓度的重金属浸泡急性处理皱纹盘鲍血细胞都不同程度地抑制了血细胞吞噬时的化学发光,表明重金属能够抑制皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬活动中的活性氧(ROS)的产生,而且这种抑制作用随着重金属浓度的增加而加强。不同的重金属抑制强度不同,从强到弱以次为Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn。研究表明六种重金属中,Hg对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的免疫毒性最大。     

常温催化抗菌研究现状及展望

病原微生物所引发的传染性疾病严重威胁人类健康和生命。传统抗菌技术通常需要外加光、热等能量,如紫外线、光催化、微波等,实际应用受限。常温催化作为一种新型抗菌技术,能够在常温条件下发生催化氧化反应,产生强氧化性的活性氧物种而起杀菌作用。因此,常温催化技术在抗菌领域具有应用优势,综述其抗菌研究现状对于系统性认知常温催化抗菌具有指导意义。本文阐述了常温催化抗菌材料及其活性氧物种产生过程,介绍了常温催化抗菌性能的评价方法,讨论了常温催化抗菌的作用机制,重点分析了常温催化抗菌性能的影响因素。此外,基于国内外常温催化的抗菌研究现状,指出了常温催化抗菌研究存在的问题及未来发展趋势。     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment. ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants, therefore resulting in the changing of their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water system. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, exits widely in natural water. The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS (·OH, 1O2, HO2·/O2·-) which were produced on the excitation of ubiquitous constituents (such as nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes) in natural water under simulated solar radiation was investigated. Both molecular probe method and electron spin resonance (ESR) test were used for the determine the characterization of generated ROS. It was found that ·OH was photochemically produced with the presence of nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes and 1O2 was produced with the presence of humic substances. The steady-state concentrations of ·OH was 1.27×10-14 mol/L in nitrate ion, and the second-order rate constant of BPA with ·OH was 1.01×1010L/( mol·s).     

亚磷酸盐在硝酸根溶液中的光氧化过程及影响因素

亚磷酸盐(HPO₃^2-,H₂PO₃^-,+3价)是磷生物地球化学循环中的还原态形式,其在水环境中的光氧化过程可能是亚磷酸盐转化的重要途径之一.以300W汞灯为光源,研究了环境浓度(1μmol/L)的亚磷酸盐在NO₃^-溶液中的光氧化过程,探讨了NO₃^-浓度、溶液pH值、环境中普遍存在的离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-、Fe³⁺、Mn²⁺)及腐殖酸对亚磷酸盐光氧化过程的影响.结果表明,亚磷酸盐在NO₃^-溶液中的光氧化反应符合准一级动力学规律,当NO₃^-浓度由0增至120μmol/L时,其速率常数由0.020h^-1增至0.271h^-1;酸性溶液(pH = 4)有利于亚磷酸盐在硝酸根溶液中的光氧化,水环境中SO₄^2-及Cl^-对光氧化过程存在弱抑制,而HCO₃^-对光氧化过程产生较强的抑制作用.Fe³⁺促进了亚磷酸盐在NO₃^-溶液中光氧化过程,而Mn²⁺则是抑制作用.腐殖酸的加入对亚磷酸盐光氧化过程存在抑制作用.活性氧猝灭剂(异丙醇,叠氮化钠)的加入大大抑制了亚磷酸盐的光氧化过程,表明亚磷酸盐光氧化过程中,活性氧的产生对其光氧化起到关键作用.模拟太湖水样中亚磷酸盐的减少量与正磷酸盐的增加量一致,证明亚磷酸盐光氧化产物是正磷酸盐.     

氯氰菊酯对小鼠脑细胞的氧化损伤及维生素E的抗氧化作用

以昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组,包括1个阴性对照组、3个氯氰菊酯染毒组、1个维生素E组和1个高剂量氯氰菊酯加维生素E组,染毒组按10,20,40mg/kg 3个剂量水平,维生素E的剂量为100mg/kg,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;以脑组织细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数.随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量320mg/kg时,ROS含量(841.3±100.34)、GSH含量[(12.54±1.316)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.054±0.004)有显著差异(P<0.05);染毒剂量340mg/kg时,GSH含量[(10.51±1.545)nmol/L]有显著差异(P<0.05),ROS含量(1014.3±81.67)、MDA含量[(2.849±0.218)μmol/L]和DPC系数(0.079±0.005)有极显著差异(P<0.01).高剂量染毒加维生素E组与高剂量染毒组相比较,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数均有下降,GSH含量上升.脑组织的ROS(719.5±74.56)、GSH[(16.52±1.985)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.055±0.005)有显著差异(P<0.05),MDA含量[(1.662±0.265)μmol/L]有极显著差异(P<0.01).较高剂量(320mg/kg)的氯氰菊酯能造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤,维生素E有抗氧化作用.     

基于EPR技术的5种纳米金属氧化物光生活性物种的形成研究

纳米金属氧化物的光化学性质使其成为新的催化剂和杀菌剂,而活性氧化物种(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)作为其具有催化杀菌性能的主要原因受到广泛关注.本研究通过电子顺磁共振(EPR)自旋捕捉和自旋标记技术,研究了5种纳米金属氧化物(n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2、n Fe_2O_3和n ZnO)在不同光照条件下形成光生电子、羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)和单线态氧(~1O_2)的能力.结果表明,在光照过程中,n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2和n ZnO能够生成·OH和~1O_2,n Fe_2O_3只生成了~1O_2.其中,n Ti O_2生成的光生电子和·OH最多,n CuO仅次于n Ti O_2,n Al_2O_3和n ZnO能够生成·OH,但生成量很少.本实验结果可为预测和评价纳米金属氧化物的光催化性能及环境风险提供一定的理论支持.     

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对小鼠学习和记忆能力的影响

研究邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)暴露对小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和对小鼠学习与记忆能力的影响.24只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为4组,每组6只,分别暴露于0,50,250,1250mg/kg的BBP,经口灌胃染毒14d.染毒期间同时进行Morris水迷宫实验,以检测小鼠的学习与记忆能力的改变.实验进行第15d,处死实验动物,取出脑、肝、肾组织,检测ROS水平及MDA和GSH含量.实验结果显示,1250mg/kg浓度BBP染毒组小鼠的学习和记忆能力与对照组相比显著下降(P<0.05);随着BBP染毒浓度的升高,小鼠脑、肝、肾组织中的ROS水平、MDA含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低;且在1250mg/kg浓度时与对照组相比具有显著性差异(P<0.05).BBP的暴露可以影响小鼠学习与记忆能力,并对其脑、肝、肾组织产生氧化损伤.     

Polymorphic ROS scavenging revealed by CCCP in a lizard

Ingestion of antioxidants has been argued to scavenge circulating reactive molecules (e.g., free radicals), play a part in mate choice (by mediating access to this important resource), and perhaps increase life span. However, recent work has come to question these relationships. We have shown elsewhere in the polychromatic lizard, Ctenophorus pictus, that diet supplementation of carotenoids as antioxidants does not depress circulating natural reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and leads to no corresponding improvement of color traits. However, a much stronger test would be to experimentally manipulate the ROS levels themselves and assess carotenoid-induced ROS depression. Here, we achieve this by using carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, which elevates superoxide (SO) formation approximately threefold at 10 μM in this model system. We then look for depressing effects on ROS of the carotenoids in order to assess whether ‘super-production’ of SO makes carotenoid effects on elevated ROS levels detectable. The rationale for this treatment was that if not even such elevated levels of SO are reduced by carotenoid supplementation, the putative link carotenoids, ROS depression, and mate quality (in terms of antioxidant capacity) is highly questionable. We conclude that there is no significant effect of carotenoids on mean SO levels even at the induced ROS levels. However, our results showed a significant interaction effect between carotenoid treatment and male color, with red males having higher ROS levels than yellow males. We suggest that this may be because different pigments are differently involved in the generation of the integumental colors in the two morphs with concomitant effects on ROS depletion depending on carotenoid uptake or allocation to coloration and antioxidation.