深圳市地表沉积物粒径分布及污染特性研究

该研究以深圳市龙岗区为对象，采集了商业区、居住小区、城中村、科教文卫区、交通用地、公园绿地等6种用地类型的地表沉积物，检测了地表沉积物粒径分布及总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷(TP)的含量，分析了不同功能区地表沉积物中粒径分布的差异。在此基础上，分析了各功能区不同粒径沉积物中TN、NH₃-N与TP的分布特征。结果表明，各功能区地表沉积物累积强度差异较大，科教文卫区污染物累积量高于其他功能区，为203.47 g/m²，公园绿地累积量最小，为34.95 g/m²。不同功能区地表沉积物TN、NH₃-N与TP负荷差异显著，城中村与住宅区的TN、NH₃-N负荷较大，而城中村、工业区和公园绿地TP负荷较大。不同功能区粒径>200μm的比例均值为40.5%，沉积物中大颗粒物质占主要部分。沉积物中TN与TP均表现出一定的富集特性，粒径<200μm的沉积物所携带TN、TP污染负荷比例最高分别可达90.1%、78.6%。因此，提高小颗粒物质的去除率是降低沉...     

北京城区雨水管道沉积物污染负荷研究

在北京市城区部分排水管道调研的基础上,通过监测西城区上游、下游雨水管道检查井断面径流中的污染物,研究管道沉积物在次降雨条件下的冲刷释放污染负荷.结果表明,在城市降雨径流污染控制中,雨水管道沉积物的冲刷释放作用对管道出流的污染贡献不可忽视.对于本研究所选取的雨水管道,其中84 m管道中沉积物次降雨(2010年7月9日)过程中对径流出流的污染负荷贡献率分别为:TN(总氮)8.5%、TP(总磷)8.2%、COD 18.3%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)7.7%;295 m管道中沉积物次降雨过程中(2010年8月4日)的污染负荷贡献率为:TN(总氮)23.12%、TP(总磷)30.01%、COD 33.78%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)31.89%.因此,为保证城市水环境得到根本的改善,明确雨水管道沉积物冲刷释放的量对径流总量的控制有一定的借鉴意义.     

重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物性质研究

为了解重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了生活区、交通区、文教区、商业广场等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机物含量(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,研究了不同功能区沉积物的差异.结果表明:不同功能区排水管道沉积有不同的理化性质,沉积物的粒径,交通区>文教区>商业广场>居住区.沉积物的密度与有机物含量(VSS/TSS)呈负相关(R2=0.998).沉积物污染物含量空间分异性显著,COD含量,文教区>居住区>商业广场>交通区.TN和TP含量,文教区>商业广场>居住区>交通区,与街尘相比,TP呈现显著富集特点.对于重金属含量,交通区显著高于其他3个功能区,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 最大值分别为303.5、539、104、1.14mg/kg.     

重庆典型区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷污染特征分析

为了解重庆市旧城区雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的污染特性,采集了生活区、交通干道、文教区、商业区等典型区域的雨水管道沉积物,利用化学提取法分析沉积物中氮磷的含量分布及赋存形态.结果表明:不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮含量的空间差异性显著,含量大小都表现为文教区商业区居住区交通干道,其中,总氮(TN)含量为(3.05±2.23)mg·g-1,有机氮(ON)含量为(2.77±1.98)mg·g-1,硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)含量为(0.029±0.024)mg·g-1,氨氮(NH3-N)含量为(0.254±0.220)mg·g-1;而磷与氮不同,空间差异性不明显,总磷(TP)含量表现为商业区交通干道居住区文教区,其中,TP含量为(1.89±0.22)mg·g-1,磷酸盐(PO-3-P)含量为(0.155±0.022)mg·g-1;不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的赋存结构并无较大差异,表现为TN中ON占主导(92.45%),无机氮(IN)中NH3-N占主导(88.87%),而磷主要以颗粒态(PP)为主;氮形态与pH呈负相关,与有机碳(OC)呈正相关,而磷与pH、OC相关性不显著;TP呈现出显著富集的特性.     

昆明市不同功能区排水管道沉积物性质

为了解昆明市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了居住区、综合服务区、文教区、商业区等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机质(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,结果表明各功能区沉积物理化性质存在明显差异,粒径大小关系为商业区文教区居住区综合服务区,VSS/TSS的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,与沉积物干密度呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关;对于COD而言,居住区文教区综合服务区商业区,TN的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,TP呈现居住区综合服务区文教区商业区的关系,由支管至主干管,沉积物中COD、TN无明显规律,TP略有减小,且TP更易赋存在小颗粒沉积物上;对于重金属而言,商业区污染高于其他3区,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd这4种重金属含量分别是背景值的2.2、4.4、2.5和8.6倍,建议优先控制Cd和Zn.     

典型氟工业园周边河流沉积物中全(多)氟化合物的分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱/质谱联用(UPLC/MS-MS)分析了我国重要的氟化物工业园区周边河流——辽宁细河(阜新段)、山东小清河(淄博段)和长江(江苏常熟段)表层沉积物中全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况.细河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量范围(以干重计,下同)为15.8～2 770 ng·g^-1,全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)和六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)是主要污染物;小清河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为12.2～7 853 ng·g^-1,全氟烷基辛酸(PFOA)和HFPO-DA为主要污染物;长江表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为9.20～35.9 ng·g^-1,全氟十四酸(PFTeDA)和6∶2氟调磺酸(6∶2FTS)为主要污染物.工业园区废水排放(点源污染)是本研究中3个区域PFASs的主要来源. 3个区域PFASs含量及组成差异明显,与工业园区生产规模和产业类型有关.PFASs含量及各组分含量与TOC、沉积物粒径没有显著相关性,PFASs各组分间相关性也有差异,说明PFASs在沉积物中的富集过程与多种因素有关.     

分流制雨水管网沉积物中典型抗生素抗性基因污染特性

针对城市雨水管网沉积物中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)污染特性尚不清楚的问题,本研究选择南京江北新区3种不同功能区(文教区、交通区及商业区)分流制雨水管网沉积物作为研究对象,考察了各功能区雨水管网沉积物中细菌耐药性,分析了β-内酰胺类和四环素类两类典型ARGs的组成种类及其相对丰度差异,重点探讨了上述典型ARGs在不同粒径颗粒中的分布特征.结果表明,各功能区可培养细菌总数大小顺序为商业区>文教区>交通区,而携带典型ARGs的耐药菌(ARB)相对含量大小顺序却为文教区>商业区>交通区;交通区的典型ARGs相对丰度高于文教区和商业区1个数量级;随着干期长度的增加,各功能区雨水管网沉积物中典型ARGs种类及相对丰度均有不同程度的减少;随着颗粒粒径的减小,文教区雨水管道沉积物中典型ARGs的丰度变化不大,交通区的雨水管道沉积物中典型ARGs的丰度则呈增加趋势,而商业区的无明显规律;粒径较小的颗粒中可移动遗传因子(MGEs)对ARGs的分布影响更大,且以<75μm粒径段颗粒中的最明显(相关系数为0.874).     

北运河沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布特征及其溯源分析

通过采集沙河水库表层(0～20 cm)沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中氮、磷、有机质的分布特征,并结合排污口附近和水库典型区域沉积物中有机质(Organic Matter, OM)和溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM)的荧光光谱特征、分子量分布特征(Molecular Weight Distribution, MWD),研究了点源污染对沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布的潜在影响.结果表明,表层沉积物间隙水中氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、磷酸盐(PO■-P)平均浓度及沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均含量依次为(52.13±40.32)、(1.75±1.88) mg·L~(-1)与(2853.81±1501.93)、(1496.00±454.06) mg·kg~(-1).库区沉积物中TN、TP含量由库上游((1898.00±1047.54)、(1264.00±104.61) mg·kg~(-1))经库心区((2996.67±1405.13)、(1340.00±332.47) mg·kg~(-1))至库下游((4500.00±920.00)、(1750.00±10.00) mg·kg~(-1))依次增高.沉积物C/N比分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中有机质来源于陆源与自生生物源的混合源.而三维荧光光谱和分子量分布的分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中DOM的组成特性具有一致性,且主要来源于自生生物源.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物中营养盐(TN、TP)与有机质具有显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果清楚地表明,点源污染区沉积物中高的营养盐、有机质含量是库区污染物累积的潜在重要来源.     

下凹式绿地对模拟道路径流中磷削减效果研究

该文根据下凹式绿地的原理设计构建了实验室小试装置,以人工配水模拟道路径流,研究下凹式绿地对径流雨水中总磷(TP)、溶解性磷(DP)和溶解性无机磷(DIP)的削减效果,探讨了设计暴雨重现期、雨水管超高、进水污染物负荷对下凹式绿地削减道路径流中各形态磷的影响规律。研究结果表明,下凹式绿地对磷具有明显的削减效果,总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)的总量削减率平均为86.28%、77.02%、78.17%。设计暴雨重现期和雨水管超高对下凹式绿地削减磷的效果有一定影响,重现期越小,雨水管超高越大,磷的削减效果越好。经下凹式绿地处理后的径流中TP的去除率在两种进水污染物负荷条件下基本相等,DP、DIP的去除率受进水污染物负荷的影响,高负荷进水的去除率大于低负荷进水。     

基于SWMM模型的下凹式绿地污染物削减效应分析

该文基于SWMM模型研究了下凹式绿地对降雨径流中污染物的削减效果,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,绿地能有效削减径流中的关键性污染物(COD、SS、TN、TP),下凹式绿地对污染物的削减率分别为SS 72.73%、COD 61.07%、TN 66.10%、TP 83.40%,削减效果总体较好。该文还对下凹式绿地的关键模型参数进行了率定,将污染物削减率的模型计算结果与实验结果对比发现,除SS误差(25.5%)较大外,TP、TN、COD削减率的误差均在5%以下,结果表明通过参数率定后的模型能较好的模拟实际情况。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.