复杂岩溶条件下锰矿尾矿库地下水溶质运移特征数值模拟研究

受构造、地层等复杂地质情况综合影响的岩溶地区地下水,其溶质运移及流场模拟向来是水文地质、环境地质研究中的难点。以贵州省松桃县某锰矿尾矿库为例,在充分分析研究区周边水文地质、环境地质条件的基础上,建立地质模型,概化边界条件,利用有限元软件FEFLOW进行流场拟合。在此基础上,模拟特征污染物锰及氨氮的弥散情况。模拟结果表明,在不做任何防渗处理的情况下,特征污染物将在F201断层、地层产状等边界条件的影响下汇入地下暗河,最终流入地表水系及地下水系,流向东部的松江河。因此,必须对锰矿尾矿库采取防渗措施,从而降低其对地下水、地表水的污染风险。     

浅议地下水的环境监测管理

为了实现我国地下水污染防治规划中提出的:“《1991～1995查清污染,全面规划,重点防治保护饮水;1996～2000年全面防治,区域调节,控制污染,饮水达标;2001～2020年恢复水量,改善水质,美化环境,振兴经济”的宏伟目标,笔者根据几年来的工作实践,就地下水的环境监测管理谈点认识.     

基于DRASTIC-GIS模型的成都典型区域地下水脆弱性评价

通过水文地质调查和地下水监测孔观测资料,运用DRASTIC模型与GIS软件的区叠加功能,对研究区地下水脆弱性作评价,以及对地下水防污性能进行分区。结果表明：地下水防污性能较高区主要分布在西北部台地区及其附近,防污性能中等区主要分布于二级阶地,防污性能较低区主要沿河流及其分支河道的漫滩、一级阶地等地带呈条带状分布。总体来看,该区域地下水防污性能较好。     

北京城市副中心海绵城市建设对地下水环境影响评价

以城市副中心北运河西岸湿地（甘棠大桥段）作为典型面状海绵体,利用2018年5月—9月采集的300组地表水和地下水监测数据,分析典型海绵体地下水水化学特征及形成机制,探讨不同含水层之间水力联系,并以Cl-为指示因子,结合其他水化学指标研究分析典型面状海绵体建设背景下地下水与地表水之间的交互作用及影响程度。结果显示,在垂向上,10 m、20 m含水层地下水之间联系密切,且受大气降水影响明显;在平面上,地表水对10 m、20 m含水层组地下水的影响距离为90 m～120 m,地表水对30 m含水层组地下水的影响距离为80 m～90 m。     

对地下水评价方法的探讨

ＧＢ／Ｔ１４８４８—９３《地下水质量标准》中推荐了一种评价地下水的方法,在实际应用时发现有如综合评价分值（Ｆ值）在水质分级时不连续等问题。本文对此,在单项组分评价分值Ｆｉ的计算及地下水质量级别的划分等方面提出了新的方法,不仅完善了该地下水的评价方法,并使该方法对于地面水的评价也有一定的参考价值。     

基于BP神经网络的齐齐哈尔地区地下水水质评价

阐述了人工神经网络基本原理,介绍了BP网络的地下水水质评价模型.在传统的评价方法基础上,根据各评价因子对环境和人类影响程度不同,给水质监测指标分组,从实用角度对水质进行评价.与传统评价方法相比,该评价模型在某评价因子数值极大的情况下,也能准确反映地下水的污染情况,并且通过GIS技术利用评价结果得到地下水水质分布图,从空间反映地下水水质变化规律.     

无资料地区地下水开采量的推求

在<中国新疆吐鲁番盆地地下水资源可持续利用研究>项目实施过程中,为分析计算项目区地下水开采量,利用农用井的用电量数据和地下水长观资料,推求出了相对准确的该区十年期逐月各乡镇地下水开采量,为其他无资料地区地下水开采量的推求工作提供一种思路.     

基于AHP-CRITIC综合权重的改进物元可拓模型在地下水水质评价中的应用

权重的确定在地下水水质评价中具有重要作用。利用CRITIC方法对地下水指标进行权重修正,探究该方法对地下水质量评价的适用性。笔者选取代表性指标后,按照一般化学指标、毒理学指标2个层次构建地下水污染评价综合指标体系,建立基于AHP-CRITIC综合权重的改进物元可拓模型对研究区地下水开展质量评价。将开发的评价方法应用于工业园区地下水质量评价发现,该方法能够反映地下水质量状况。结果表明:该评价方法在地下水质量评价过程中,能够兼顾不同指标重要程度差异和水质等级的模糊性,研究区5#点位和10#点位有毒有害重金属超标,应进一步查明原因,提出地下水污染阻断措施。     

塔里木河干流流域地下水氟的分布特征及形成高氟地下水的环境因素

调查研究了塔里木河干流流域地下水中氟的含量水平及分布特征．揭示了地下水中氟与水化学性质之间的相互关系。探讨其形成高氟地下水的环境因素，并提出改水防病措施．     

面向水源保护与污染监控的广东地下水环境监测网研究

通过系统整理分析自然资源、水利、生态环境等部门已有地下水监测网,针对广东地下水监测存在的问题和未来地下水环境管理需求,提出较大空间尺度和水质监控的地下水环境监测网建设框架及广东省"三层七级"共237个网点的层级化地下水环境监测网建设方案,并与水文地质单元、浅层地下水功能区划进行了空间叠加分析。结果表明,广东省三大部门监测网在空间上分布总体较为分散,相互补充性好,提出的监测网方案总体上与广东省地下水本底条件、地下水资源开发利用现状、地下水环境功能分区、重点污染源空间分布特征等相匹配,契合地下水饮用水源保护和重点污染源监控两大管理需求,构建的地下水环境监测网框架可为其他地区提供参考,提出的地下水环境监测网建设方案可为广东省地下水环境管理和污染防控提供决策支持。     

拉萨垃圾填埋场地下水环境质量影响分析研究

通过在拉萨市垃圾填埋场周边布设4个监测井,于2017—2018年采样分析24项地下水水质指标,并运用单因子指数、综合评价法、污染指数P_(ki)法、等标污染负荷比法等对地下水污染状况进行评价。结果表明:地下水水质在良好—优良范围内;单项污染指数1的有pH值、铅,相比背景井地下水水质有所下降;填埋场周边地下水污染程度呈轻污染,主要受到影响的指标为pH值、高锰酸盐指数、阴离子表面活性剂、铅、氟化物。     

北京市地下水污染源荷载影响评价

在阐述地下水污染源荷载影响基本概念的基础上,介绍了污染源荷载影响评价的3大要素:污染荷载等级、含水层敏感性及地下水价值,说明了评价体系、指标和方法及过程。根据主要污染源荷载分析,结合地下水环境现状,对北京市进行了分区,提出污染源管理措施。     

Inclusion of uncertainty in Environmental Impact Assessment in Greenland

Uncertainty is an inherent part of impact assessment (IA), and can vary in type and source. However, according to previous research, uncertainty is rarely explicitly acknowledged and handled in IA, indicating that it is a challenging issue in practice. This paper adds to the current research body a study of EIA in Greenland, which includes a document study of EIA reports as well as white papers and summaries from public hearings. The study findings are in line with previous results, finding a limited explicit acknowledgement of uncertainty, although uncertainty is indicated through implicit language use. The study also finds that various tools are applied, which could be used for handling uncertainty, including sensitivity analysis, monitoring and worst-case estimates. However, often these tools are not used systematically, and it is not transparent whether they are targeted at handling uncertainty. Regarding the examination of materials from hearing processes, there is little evidence that uncertainty is part of the discussions. These results initiate discussions of how choices of whether and how to acknowledge and handle uncertainty are made, and how consciously participants in the process make these choices.     

Environmental Impact Assessment in the Visegrad Group countries

The Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA Directive) has created a reference framework for the implementation of the system of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) into the legal systems of the Member States of the European Union, including the countries belonging to the Visegrad Group (V4): Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The Directive was the basis for the introduction of compulsory stages of the EIA process in the V4. The stages were then adapted to national requirements, including thresholds of the qualifying criteria of projects at the screening and scoping stages. The EIA system in the analysed countries has been growing, changing and being modified together with the political and economic changes of the last 30 years. Although all Visegrad Group countries are members of the EU and should harmonize the provisions of the EIA Directive and its amendments, there still exist singularities in each country's national EIA legislation, in terms of complementarities among the V4 countries, access to information resources, protection of natural resources, mitigation of socio-environmental impacts, or transboundary impact assessment. The article compares and evaluates the EIA systems in the four countries, specifies similarities and differences in the implementation of administrative proceedings and points out opportunities to strengthen the system. It presents selected results of a study conducted in 2013 within the framework of the international project “Assessment of the quality of the environment in the V4 Countries” (AQE V4). This paper indicates examples of good practice in the EIA systems and the obtained results are compared regarding the amendments to the current European Union EIA Directive.     

The Spatial-Scale Effect of an Atmospheric Environmental Impact Assessment in Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment (R-SEA)

When evaluating the atmospheric environment in regional strategic environment assessment (R-SEA), the variation and choice of the spatial scale have a substantial influence on the conclusions of the assessment. In this study, we used numerical simulation to investigate the spatial-scale effect. Two varying spatial extents and two varying spatial details of pollutant emission data (emission inventories in this case) were provided for numerical modeling, and output distributions of atmospheric pollutants at different air pollution levels were compared. The results show that the resolution and spatial range of data collection do indeed influence the atmospheric prediction and assessment results in R-SEA. The spatial-scale effect is more significant under the air pollution condition than under excellent and good air quality conditions. A comparison of varying spatial extents of emission inventory shows that narrowing the prediction area to a local scale is more conducive to identifying the impact of local pollution sources. A comparison of varying spatial details of emission inventory indicates that a higher resolution is favorable for identifying local high concentrations of pollutants and their locations.     

铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及环境风险

以尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,用改进BCR法探讨Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr形态特征,用污染因子Cf和风险评价代码RAC评估环境风险。结果表明:Pb污染最重,总量是区域背景值的2倍多,污染剖面各重金属总量垂向分布均匀,污染已扩散至1 m深;5种金属均主要以残渣态存在,有效态、可交换态Pb质量占比均高于其他4种金属,与表层土壤相比,中、下层污染剖面各金属以更稳定的形态存在;Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr在表层或污染剖面土壤均存在低风险,部分点位Pb存在中度风险。     

湖库污染底泥环保疏浚工程环评要点探讨

以滇池草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程为例,分析了湖库底泥疏挖项目环境影响评价因素识别与评价重点,探讨了施工期对水域水质及周围景观影响、施工期恶臭、噪声等的环境影响评价要点,底泥堆放对地下水与土壤环境影响、堆放恶臭对环境影响的评价要点,及疏挖工程的环境效益与运营期对周围生态环境影响分析的要点。针对该类工程在疏挖、余水处理和污染底泥堆存过程中的二次污染问题,提出了切实可行的二次污染防治对策。