白洋淀多环芳烃与有机氯农药季节性污染特征及来源分析

为研究白洋淀表层水体中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)和有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)的季节性污染特征及来源,分析了白洋淀12个监测断面春、夏两季表层水体中17种PAHs和15种OCPs的浓度.结果表明,白洋淀春季表层水体中PAHs总浓度范围是35.38~88.06 ng·L~(-1),平均值为46.57 ng·L~(-1),夏季表层水体中PAHs总浓度范围是25.64~301.41 ng·L~(-1),平均值为76.23 ng·L~(-1);白洋淀春季表层水体中OCPs总浓度范围是0.69~4.50 ng·L~(-1),平均值为1.77 ng·L~(-1);夏季表层水体中OCPs总浓度范围是0.11~3.20 ng·L~(-1),平均值为0.90 ng·L~(-1).白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体中PAHs季节性污染特征表现为前塘、关城和安新桥等3个断面夏季PAHs总浓度要远高于春季,而其他9个断面则均表现为春季略高于夏季;OCPs季节性污染特征表现为关城断面夏季OCPs总浓度高于春季,而其他11个监测断面均表现为春季高于夏季.从白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体PAHs和OCPs组成特征来看,春季各监测断面PAHs主要以三环芳烃为主,占PAHs总浓度的比例为45.92%~61.36%(平均为52.60%);夏季安新桥、前塘和关城等3个监测断面主要以二环芳烃萘(Naphthalene,Nap)为主,其浓度分别占PAHs总浓度的比例高达84.91%、91.04%和78.10%,其他9个监测断面主要以三环芳烃为主,占PAHs总浓度的比例为37.14%~53.90%(平均为48.94%);白洋淀表层水体中只有HCHs和DDTs有不同程度检出,且呈现出以HCHs为主的污染特征,其中,春季各监测断面表层水体中HCHs均以β-HCH为主,占HCHs总浓度的29.94%~100%,平均比例为59.87%,而夏季大张庄、郭里口等5个监测断面表层水体中HCHs以β-HCH为主,占HCHs总浓度的57.55%~80.23%,平均比例为61.98%,其他断面以α-HCHs和δ-HCH为主.分析白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体中PAHs和OCPs的来源,PAHs同分异构体比值显示其PAHs主要来源于燃烧源,部分监测断面还存在石油源;而OCPs同分异构体比值显示其OCPs主要来源于环境残留和大气的长距离传输.白洋淀表层水体中PAHs和OCPs浓度不超过不同国家和组织制定的相关水质标准,但安新桥和圈头两个监测断面表层水体中α-HCH、p,p'-DDD浓度超过了美国环保署制定的人体健康水质基准,表明α-HCH和p,p'-DDD可能会对白洋淀淀区居民产生潜在有害影响.     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中挥发性有机物的分布特征与健康风险

为研究滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中VOCs(volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物)的污染现状,于2014年9月在滹沱河冲洪积扇地区采集44个地下水样品,采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分析了25种VOCs的质量浓度,并对其分布特征和健康风险进行了讨论. 结果表明,研究区44个采样点均有VOCs检出,其中氯仿、二氯甲烷检出率为100%. 检出的VOCs中,ρ(氯仿)平均值最高,范围为15.4~52 195.9 ng/L;其次为ρ(四氯化碳)(nd~17 145.8 ng/L). VOCs的分布与工业布局密切相关,受制药企业排污影响,ρ(氯仿)、ρ(苯乙烯)、ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)、ρ(二甲苯)等均在G2-1采样点最高;而在石家庄石化炼制产业密集区域,地下水中检出的VOCs种类、检出频次及含量均较高. 研究显示,研究区地下水VOCs的非致癌风险指数介于1.8×10-5~4.7×10-2之间,均远小于1;G2-22采样点地下水VOCs的致癌风险指数最高,为1.1×10-5,处于可接受水平,但四氯化碳的污染现状值得关注.      

武汉典型饮用水水源中典型POPs污染特征与健康风险评估

为了揭示武汉典型饮用水水源中典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染特征与风险水平,采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱定性定量分析法,对武汉长江及其支流上18个典型集中式饮用水水源地,共26个采样点水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)浓度进行了检测,分析了 POPs的污染水平,并开展健康风险评估.结果表明,26个采样点均有PAHs检出,除苯并[k]荧蒽检出率为88.46％外,其他15种单体检出率均为100.00％,多环芳烃累积ρ(∑PAHs)检出范围为57.04～475.79 ng·L-1,平均值为173.86 ng·L-1.PAHs污染程度总体较低,PAHs主要以中低环芳烃为主,来源于以石油源为主的混合源.共有8种OCPs被检出,(∑OCPs)范围为ND-4.57 ng.L-1,平均值为0.78 ng·L-1,OCPs浓度水平相对较低.共有24种PCBs被检出,ρ(∑PCBs)范围为ND-77.49 ng·L-1,平均值为9.88 ng·L-1,PCBs主要以不易降解的高氯联苯为主,部分点位PCBs浓度超过我国地表水环境质量标准限值,HeptaCBs-180物质需要引起持续关注.健康风险评估结果显示,研究区域内PAHs和PCBs的致癌风险指数均处于10-6～10-4,对人体可能产生潜在的致癌风险;OCPs和PCBs的非致癌风险指数均小于1,不会对人体产生非致癌风险.     

长江下游支流水体中多环芳烃的分布及生态风险评估

长江下游地区是我国一个典型的化学工业园区聚集地,化工园区企业生产过程中产生和排放的多环芳烃通过大气沉降、地表径流等方式进入支流水体,并最终汇入长江.本研究选择了典型的支流水体,开展了多环芳烃的分布特征、源解析和生态风险评估研究.结果表明多环芳烃单体以低环为主,总浓度为37.27～285.88 ng·L~(-1),平均值为78.31 ng·L~(-1).PAHs单体浓度范围0～61.35 ng·L~(-1),检出率最低单体为苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘,其检出率均为75%.苯并[a]芘是毒性当量因子最大的PAHs,其浓度范围为0～11.08 ng·L~(-1).根据我国《生活饮用水水源水质标准》(CJ 3020-1993)规定,饮用水中苯并[a]芘的限值为10 ng·L~(-1),其中研究区域内无锡市的一个水样(S12)中浓度超出了标准限值,长江下游支流水体的PAHs浓度总体处于低至中等的污染水平.根据比值法和主成分分析的源解析结果,水体中多环芳烃主要受化工排放、汽车尾气的影响,还有部分来自燃煤.生态风险评估结果显示,水体的生态风险处于中等水平,从长期的环境暴露角度出发,应当考虑采取相应地控制措施,防止进一步污染.研究结果可为长江下游支流水环境中多环芳烃风险评估以及化工园区的污染控制提供参考.     

轿车内苯系物的健康风险评价

为分析车内苯系物污染对不同性别驾乘人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险,对65辆轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)进行评价;提出车内苯的基本致癌风险浓度与危险致癌风险浓度概念及其计算公式,并与国内外相关标准中苯系物浓度标准限值进行对比分析. 结果表明:65辆轿车内空气中苯系物H_fz(综合非致癌指数)的最大值为0.44,低于US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)规定的非致癌风险基本值(1),对乘客与司机均不存在非致癌风险;但苯对司机H_za(致癌指数)的平均值为129.3×10-6,致癌风险较高;苯对男性乘客、女性乘客、男性司机与女性司机的C_wx(危险致癌风险浓度)分别为450.0、470.0、67.5和70.4 μg/m3. GB/T 27630—2011《乘用车内空气质量评价指南》中苯浓度标准限值对司机H_za的平均值为1.59×10-4,大于US EPA规定的苯致癌风险危险值(1×10-4),构成致癌危害;苯系物浓度标准限值对司机H_fz的平均值为1.15,构成非致癌危害. 轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的合理限值分别为0.068、1.000、1.350和1.350 mg/m3.      

农药企业场地土壤中苯系物污染风险及管理对策

苯系物主要包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯和苯乙烯等,是一类重要的环境污染物,可以通过呼吸道、消化道和皮肤等进入人体,对人体产生健康危害.采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用对河北省3个代表性农药企业场地内外土壤的苯系物进行分析,研究了土壤中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险.结果表明,A、B、C这3个企业场地土壤中的苯系物,除苯和苯乙烯外,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯均有检出.苯系物总含量分别在673.50~32363.50 ng·g-1、nd~6 461.80 ng·g-1、461.70~8 740.80ng·g-1之间.检出的甲苯和乙苯含量(4619.50~7234.30 ng·g-1和364.60~7944.60 ng·g-1)超过加拿大工业用地指导值(370 ng·g-1和82 ng·g-1),场地A生产区灰尘中二甲苯含量甚至超过荷兰土壤干预值(17000 ng·g-1).对于场地外,区域Ⅰ(A周边)和区域Ⅱ(B、C周边)土壤苯系物浓度分别在nd~645.81 ng·g-1和nd~309.13 ng·g-1之间,均低于加拿大农业用地指导值.A、B、C场地内土壤中苯系物非致癌风险分别在2.90E-06~1.32E-04、nd~4.30E-05、1.29E-06~5.64E-05之间,远小于1,说明各场地土壤苯系物不存在明显的非致癌风险.场地外区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ苯系物的总非致癌风险分别在nd~2.02E-06和nd~1.10E-06之间,远低于1,同时也低于对应场地内非致癌风险的平均值.苯系物非致癌风险较高的区域主要集中在场地的下风向,此外,村庄和城镇周边土壤苯系物的非致癌风险略高于其他区域.整体来看,各场地内土壤和灰尘已受到不同程度的污染,场地外的农业用地环境质量也有所下降.据此,提出了企业环境管理和职工安全防护的具体对策建议.     

多功能型城市人工湿地水体汞分布特征及其量变分析

以重庆某集接纳生活污水处理厂出水、水质净化、休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园为研究对象,根据水流流向设点采样,分析了湿地公园内污水处理区、湖泊深度净化区中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的分布特征,并探讨了其源汇关系.结果表明,污水处理区出水THg质量浓度范围为1. 98～38. 03 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(9. 10±5. 84) ng·L~(-1)],出水MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 09～0. 84 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 34±0. 08) ng·L~(-1)];湖泊深度净化区THg质量浓度范围为0. 37～85. 69 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(6. 76±2. 29) ng·L~(-1)],MeHg质量浓度范围为0. 04～1. 47 ng·L~(-1)[平均值为(0. 35±0. 17) ng·L~(-1)],人为活动对汞浓度的干扰较为明显.水体总汞、甲基汞垂直分布规律具有一致性,均表现出表层深层.通过物料衡算,表明该湿地系统水体总汞每年降低155. 50 g,水体甲基汞每年降低1. 65 g,对下游水体具有保护作用.     

河北衡水湖湿地汞污染现状及生态风险评价

以河北衡水湖湿地为调查对象,采用均匀设点采样分析,研究了衡水湖湿地大气、表层水和土壤/沉积物中总汞含量及其分布特征;同时采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行衡水湖湿地汞污染的生态风险评价.结果表明:衡水湖湿地大气总汞含量变化范围为1.0~5.0 ng·m~(-3),平均值为(2.9±0.85)ng·m~(-3);表层水总汞含量变化范围为0.010~0.57μg·L~(-1),平均值为(0.081±0.053)μg·L~(-1);土壤/沉积物总汞含量变化范围为0.001 0~0.058 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为(0.027±0.013)mg·kg~(-1).衡水湖湿地汞污染分布特征为,表层水总汞浓度岸边显著高于湖中(P0.05),湖中沉积物总汞浓度显著高于岸边土壤(P0.05);岸边大气总汞浓度与土壤总汞浓度呈正相关关系;高浓度汞富集总伴随剧烈的人为活动.地积累指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染为清洁程度;潜在生态风险指数法表明衡水湖湿地地区汞污染风险为低生态风险.     

成都市大气环境VOCs污染特征及其健康风险评价

于2012年9月,在成都市分别选取代表城市大气环境和路边大气环境的两个采样点对大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样,对不同大气环境中VOCs的浓度水平与变化特征、组成和反应活性进行分析,并对其中的芳香烃化合物进行健康风险评价.结果表明,成都市城市大气环境和路边大气环境中TVOCs的平均质量浓度分别为(108.57±52.43)μg·m~(-3)和(132.61±49.31)μg·m~(-3),不同大气环境中各烃类物质浓度均呈现出烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃的趋势;城市和路边大气环境中芳香烃和烯烃对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献较大,关键物种均为间/对二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、邻二甲苯和丙烯;不同大气环境中的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)对人体的非致癌风险和危害指数均小于1,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险;致癌物质苯对人体的致癌风险高于安全阈值1.00E-06,对暴露人群可能存在致癌风险.     

长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征与风险评估

利用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)分析了长江南京段水源水中抗生素的赋存特征.结果表明,16个采样点累计质量浓度范围为13. 37～780. 5 ng·L~(-1),平均值为92. 95 ng·L~(-1),共检出4种磺胺类、3种氟喹诺酮类、1种四环素类、5种大环内酯类和1种氯霉素类抗生素,平均质量浓度为0. 14～49. 91 ng·L~(-1),其中恩诺沙星(ERX)和克拉霉素(CLR)的检出率为100%,克林霉素(CLI)检出质量浓度最高(739. 44 ng·L~(-1)).与国内部分河流、湖泊相比,长江南京段水体中的抗生素浓度处于较低水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S2具有最大的联合风险熵值(0. 31),磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、强力霉素(DOX)和罗红霉素(ROX)的环境风险熵值具有低等风险水平; 9种抗生素对不同年龄段人群的健康风险指数HQ在2. 22×10-6和4. 86×10-3之间,同时CLI和DOX为主要的潜在健康风险因素.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.