亚硝化颗粒污泥对温度变化的响应特性研究

采用序批式反应器(SBR),以实验室已经培养好的具有良好亚硝化积累的颗粒污泥(短程硝化积累率90%以上)为接种污泥,考察了温度变化对亚硝化颗粒污泥特性、稳定性、氮转换性能及活性的影响.结果表明,温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥的结构和短程硝化性能都有着重要的影响.在30℃时,亚硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的絮凝和沉降性,污泥结构紧密,亚硝化积累率维持在96.17%,污泥容积指数(SVI)为39 mL.g-1,平均粒径为3.03 mm.当温度降至25℃时,由于胞外多聚物(EPS)浓度升高,蛋白质与多糖比值的下降,导致亚硝化颗粒污泥的电负性升高,同时污泥表面的疏水性减弱,结构变得松散,亚硝化颗粒污泥发生了解体,亚硝化积累率在35%以下,短程硝化被破坏.在15℃时,虽然亚硝化颗粒污泥也发生了解体,并且解体现象加剧,但是由于颗粒污泥表面氧气传质深度的增大,使得反应器中氨氧化菌(AOB)的数量相对增大,出水亚硝化积累率最终稳定在68%左右.     

基于MBR不同种泥短程硝化启动的微生物群落结构分析

为明确膜生物反应器(MBR)接种不同污泥启动短程硝化前后微生物群落结构变化特征,采用MBR反应器分别接种硝化污泥(R1)、厌氧亚硝化污泥(R2)和1∶1混合接种厌氧亚硝化污泥和反硝化污泥(R3),获取有利于实现快速短程硝化的污泥源.结果表明,结合间歇曝气和缩短水力停留时间(HRT),R1、R2与R3反应器分别耗时46 d、8 d和30 d成功启动短程硝化,R2反应器启动周期最短.稳定运行期内,R1、R2和R3反应器亚硝累积率平均为92%、93%和94%,R3反应器表现出更稳定的短程硝化性能.ACE、Chao、Shannon和Simpson指数结果表明,稳定运行后,R1和R2反应器微生物丰度和多样性水平均大幅低于接种污泥,R3反应器物种丰度略有减少而多样性水平变化不大.短程硝化成功启动后,3个反应器内的主要菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),且主要脱氮功能菌变形菌门丰度相较于接种污泥均有提高.β-变形菌纲为3个反应器短程硝化系统的优势菌群,分别占比59.6%、63.6%和69.3%.R1、R2和R3反应器内的优势菌属均为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),所占比例分别达12.8%、20.2%和19.7%.相比R1反应器,R2和R3反应器接种污泥内存在一定比例的亚硝化细菌,更有利于系统短程硝化的实现.     

联合厌氧/微好氧的A/(O/A)n强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

设置3组规格相同的SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,分别采用A/O/A-A/O/A、A/O/A-A/O、A/（O/A）_n-A/O方式运行,以模拟废水为进水基质,接种实验室4℃长期饥饿储存的好氧颗粒污泥及絮状污泥（70%颗粒污泥+30%絮状污泥）,在相同初始条件下,探讨了不同运行方式下颗粒污泥的活性恢复情况及短程硝化反硝化除磷性能.实验结果表明,联合厌氧/微好氧的A/（O/A）_n交替运行模式在实现颗粒污泥的活性恢复及污染物处理性能上表现出较大的优势,R3形成了平均粒径为802.98μm的密实颗粒,分泌的胞外聚合物（EPS）含量达到了94.52mg/gVSS,表明联合厌氧/微好氧的交替运行模式刺激了微生物分泌更多的EPS,颗粒结构更稳定.在稳定运行期间,R3的COD、TP、TN去除率分别达到了92.45%、93.72%和97.24%.系统内以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌所占比例达到了51.46%,实现了氨氧化菌（AOB）与反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）的同步富集,具有良好的污染物去除效果.     

长期储存亚硝化颗粒污泥的活化及菌群结构变化

采用无机人工配水,通过逐级提高进水氨氮负荷(0.32~0.64kg/(m³·d))和设定合适的初始游离氨浓度(3.7~7.2mg/L),在SBR反应器中对常温(24~29℃)下储存1a的亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)进行了活化,并使用Miseq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物多样性的变化情况.结果表明,NGS的亚硝化性能可在短时间内恢复.运行8d后,反应器的氨氮去除率达到95%以上,亚硝态氮累积率超过了80%,但污泥粒径持续减小,胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显降低.活化至第20d,NGS的氨氮比去除速率和亚硝态氮比累积速率分别达到24.6mg/(gVSS·h)、23.8mg/(gVSS·h),平均粒径稳定在0.5mm左右.在活化期间,绝大部分厌氧、异养菌属被洗脱,污泥的微生物多样性显著降低.Nitrosomonas等氨氧化菌的相对丰度由活化前的1%上升至约58%,同时,Nitrospira等硝化菌的生长受到了选择性抑制.这意味着即使经历长期的常温储存,NGS仍可作为SBR的接种污泥,实现反应器的快速启动.     

同步硝化内源反硝化除磷好氧颗粒污泥的储存与恢复

针对好氧颗粒污泥颗粒化时间慢等问题,进行了同步硝化内源反硝化除磷好氧颗粒污泥常温储存及活性恢复实验研究.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥经过60d的常温储存后,颗粒的结构基本能保持稳定,但是颗粒污泥的活性大幅度降低,污染物去除率仅有储存前的30%～40%.将常温储存的颗粒污泥接种到反应器中,经过一定的调控手段,可以在60d内恢复好氧颗粒污泥的功能及活性.此外,经过储存与恢复,好氧颗粒污泥的群落结构也发生了明显变化.大部分的微生物的相对丰度变化可逆,经过储存和恢复可以恢复至储存前的状态(包括Defluviicoccus (GAOs)和Flavobacterium (PAOs)),重构同步脱氮除磷的微生物群落结构.     

同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-短程反硝化颗粒污泥培育过程及其性能

本研究以低碳氮比废水为基质,厌氧氨氧化污泥优配普通活性污泥为接种物,在新型气升式内循环反应器中培育同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-短程反硝化颗粒污泥.结果表明,经过225 d的连续运行可培育成熟稳定的颗粒污泥,其总氮去除率高达91.4%.相较于絮状污泥,颗粒污泥中厌氧氨氧化活性显著增加,并且厌氧氨氧化活性在4个脱氮过程中活性最大,其次是短程硝化,且短程反硝化比活性是亚硝酸盐还原比活性的2.1倍.高通量测序结果表明,颗粒污泥中短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化的优势菌分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus_Brocadia,并相较于絮状污泥,它们的丰度分别增加至0.70%和0.57%.Thauera可能是颗粒污泥中潜在的短程反硝化优势菌,其丰度达到0.26%.RT-qPCR分析结果表明,相比接种阶段,短程硝化的功能基因amoA和hao转录水平分别增加了3.5和1.5倍,厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsA转录水平增加了2.1倍,短程反硝化过程中napA和narG转录水平增加的倍数之和是nirK和nirS的倍数之和的4.8倍.本研究结果将为处理低碳氮比废水提供新的思路.     

不同恢复方式对硝化颗粒污泥活性的影响

利用SBR反应器培养的成熟好氧硝化颗粒污泥,进行了硝化颗粒污泥临界活性以及不同氨氮浓度及曝气时间对储存的好氧硝化颗粒污泥活性恢复的影响研究.结果表明,储存不同时间的硝化菌活性(SOUR,O2/VSS)差别较大,储存前硝化颗粒污泥硝化菌SOUR为13.15 mg·(g·h)-1,储存20 d的硝化菌SOUR下降了1.26 mg·(g·h)-1,恢复运行了5个周期,氨氮去除率已经达到95%以上,恢复后活性为13.87 mg·(g·h)-1.但储存30 d的硝化菌SOUR降了11.63 mg·(g·h)-1,恢复运行51个周期后,氨氮去除率才达到92.64%,恢复后活性为14.92 mg·(g·h)-1,同时这种储存方法恢复时间较长,因此提出硝化颗粒污泥的临界活性为当硝化菌SOUR开始下降时,进行活性恢复.在临界活性的基础上,采用当硝化菌SOUR下降到临界活性时实施恢复,之后进入下一个储存周期,这种储存方式即为动态储存.当进水氨氮浓度分别为20、30、40 mg·L-1时,进行颗粒污泥活性恢复,进水氨氮浓度为40 mg·L-1恢复后硝化菌活性最高,经过3次动态储存后,其活性保持良好.当曝气时间分别为1、2、3 h时,进行颗粒污泥活性恢复,曝气时间为1 h时恢复后硝化菌活性最高,在动态储存过程中其活性一直保持较高水平.     

停曝时间比对亚硝化颗粒污泥形成的影响

室温下(22~28℃),采用R1、R2、R3三组相同的SBR反应器接种MLSS、SVI值分别为3 500 mg·L-1、162 m L·g-1的具有良好亚硝化性能的絮状活性污泥,研究了不同停曝时间比(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)对亚硝化颗粒污泥形成的影响.实验表明,R1、R2和R3分别于103、82、64 d实现了亚硝化污泥的颗粒化,运转至85 d时,亚硝化率分别可达86%、98%、96%,R1、R2和R3的SVI值降低至89、75、58 m L·g-1,MLSS增加至2 314、2 781、2 946 mg·L-1.结果表明,在停曝时间比为1∶2~2∶1的范围内,停曝时间比越大,越有利于污泥颗粒化;停曝时间比为1∶2时,由于无法抑制NOB,反应器中污泥亚硝化性能下降,且污泥的沉降性能先变好后变差,在停曝时间比为1∶1~2∶1范围内,停曝时间比越大,污泥的沉降性越好,同时可以保持系统良好的亚硝化性能.另外,停曝时间比越大,微生物分泌的PN、PS越多,且在亚硝化颗粒形成阶段,厌氧末的PN小于好氧末PN,亚硝化颗粒成熟阶段厌氧末的PN大于好氧末PN,而在运行期间,厌氧末的PS一直大于好氧末PS.     

污泥龄对除磷亚硝化颗粒系统的影响

以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,接种成熟除磷颗粒污泥,探究泥龄对中低温度下(14～21℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥的影响.结果表明,常温下(20℃±1℃),泥龄为30 d,曝气量为5 L·(h·L)~(-1)可实现除磷颗粒污泥中AOB的富集,NAR达到90%以上.当温度降低到15℃,泥龄为40 d时除磷性能恶化,颗粒结构变松散并伴有丝状菌生成.相对充足的氧气使亚硝化失稳,NAR下降至22. 4%. NOB不具备迅速适应环境变化的能力,采取12 d厌氧饥饿加排泥的策略,削弱了NOB的相对活性,迅速恢复了除磷亚硝化性能.批次实验显示温度从20℃下降到15℃,聚磷菌仍能保持较高的氧利用率,但AOB的SOUR下降了18%,此时是温度而不是溶解氧浓度制约了氨氧化能力.控制泥龄为30 d,同时降低曝气量为4 L·(h·L)~(-1),实现了低温下(15℃±1℃)除磷亚硝化颗粒污泥系统的稳定运行.     

Cu2+对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的影响

短程生物脱氮工艺在废水处理中已经得到较为广泛的应用,其反硝化过程是实现氮去除的关键步骤,而关于废水中常见重金属离子Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的影响尚无系统研究.选取A/O反应器内具有良好短程生物脱氮特性的污泥,通过批次试验及SBR长期试验分别探究了Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程的短期及长期影响.短期试验结果表明,Cu~(2+)对以NO2-为电子受体反硝化过程具有明显抑制作用,对污泥反硝化活性的半抑制浓度EC50为4. 79 mg·L-1.在长期影响试验中逐渐提高污泥对Cu~(2+)的耐受浓度,当Cu~(2+)浓度为0. 5 mg·L-1和1 mg·L-1时,污泥反硝化活性降低后均能够通过驯化恢复至原有水平;而Cu~(2+)浓度升高至3 mg·L-1后污泥反硝化性能遭到破坏且难以恢复,NO_2~--N去除率降低至10%以下,反硝化系统遭到严重抑制.但是,停止投加Cu~(2+)后污泥反硝化活性在第14 d恢复至原有水平.同时,在Cu~(2+)的长期影响过程中,EPS含量增多,对微生物抵御Cu~(2+)的毒害起到重要保护作用,促使污泥粒径增大,污泥沉降性得到提高.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.