模拟生物滞留池强化径流雨水中的氮磷去除研究

为改善生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮和磷的去除效果,考察了不同组合填料和淹没区深度分别对总磷和硝酸氮的影响,找出最优工况,采用小试实验研究优化后的模拟生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮磷的去除效果。结果显示,最优工况是选择麦饭石组合填料,设置淹没区深度为35 cm。经优化后的模拟生物滞留装置在7场模拟降雨实验中,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除率分别为:68.65%~82.86%、73.47%~91.69%、29.35%~74.56%、58.66%~74.88%和78.37%~93.90%。该装置对模拟径流中的污染物去除稳定,适合应用于道路滞留带。     

植物及存水区对南方生物滞留池去污效果的影响

以柳叶马鞭草、菖蒲、鸢尾和美人蕉及南方红壤构建5个生物滞留池模拟装置,研究植物和IWS(内部存水区)及其交互作用对径流中TSS、COD、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除的影响,定期测定植物的叶绿素含量、株高和游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,以探讨植物的生长适宜性。结果表明:植物对COD、NO_3~--N和TN的去除影响较大,其去除率分别为68.84%~77.28%、13.09%~59.61%和42.41%~71.75%,柳叶马鞭草和美人蕉的NO_3~--N及TN去除能力显著高于菖蒲和鸢尾(P柳叶马鞭草>鸢尾>菖蒲,美人蕉和柳叶马鞭草的去污效果和长势较好,适宜在南方生物滞留池中种植。     

生物滞留系统对阳台洗衣废水的除污性能研究

老旧小区因历史原因长期存在阳台洗衣废水排入雨水管道现象,并对水体造成了严重污染。生物滞留是海绵城市建设的优选措施之一,但其受季节性降雨特征影响而出现过长干旱期,导致植物死亡进而损害系统功能,甚至造成降雨径流引起的污染物淋洗现象。生物滞留系统在干旱期处理其他污染水源(如洗衣废水)可消除人为浇灌养护工作,并提高系统应对干旱气候的适应能力。为考察生物滞留系统在干旱期对洗衣废水的处理效能,该文研究了进水有机物浓度和闲置时间对生物滞留系统除污性能的影响。结果表明,生物滞留系统可高效去除洗衣废水中的TSS;植物系统对TN、NH_4~+-N和COD等污染物的去除效果均显著优于无植物系统;进水有机物浓度对系统除污能力具有一定的影响,尤其是有机物浓度过高不利于植物系统对氮的去除;当闲置时间为2～4 d时,系统对洗衣废水的除污性能受闲置时间影响不显著。研究证实,生物滞留系统在非雨季可用于阳台洗衣废水中的处理。     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

沸石改良雨水生物滞留系统去除污染物研究

作为重要的低影响开发技术之一,雨水生物滞留系统在控制径流污染和削减径流总量及峰值方面具有良好的效果。传统生物滞留系统对于TSS、重金属和COD有较好的去除效果,但对硝氮去除效果差,砂土填料空隙率小,对水量的调蓄效果差,水力停留时间长,容易堵塞。本研究尝试采用沸石作为滞留系统的基质填料,并在系统底部设置淹没区创造缺氧环境提高系统对硝氮的去除效果。对比了在有无淹没区条件下对模拟雨水中各种污染物的去除效果。在无淹没区条件下,系统对进水TSS负荷的变化有很好的抗冲击能力,当进水TSS浓度在100~400 mg/L范围内变化时,出水TSS始终在20 mg/L以下。当进水COD浓度为150~250 mg/L,TP浓度为2.5~7.0 mg/L,NH_4~+-N浓度为3.0~4.0 mg/L,NO_3~--N浓度为6.0~10.0 mg/L时,系统对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N的平均去除率分别为67%、73%、88%、5%。在有淹没区且进水浓度基本相同的条件下,系统对TSS、COD、TP、NH_4~+-N等污染物的去除均没有大的变化,但对NO_3~--N的平均去除率则上升为74%。同时,系统对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等重金属也有良好的去除效果。     

3种生物滞留设计对城市地表径流溶解性氮的去除作用

城市地表径流溶解性氮(N)的有效控制具有挑战性.2015构建了3种不同设计的生物滞留设施:壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草(CB)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带(MB1)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带并添加10%木块(MB2).在模拟城市地表径流水文、水质变化条件下,研究3种生物滞留种植植物、设置饱和带以及添加碳源对城市地表径流溶解性N(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)的去除作用.通过为期1年试验监测表明,在进水NH_4~+-N浓度平均值为(5.45±2.21)mg·L-1情况下,3种生物滞留对NH_4~+-N均具有显著的去除作用(去除率95%).基质吸附、硝化与植物吸收是生物滞留有效去除城市地表径流NH_4~+-N的主要途径.在进水NO_3~--N平均值为(5.88±2.32)mg·L-1情况下,CB、MB1和MB2出水NO_3~--N浓度的平均值分别为(4.04±2.64)、(0.84±1.18)和(0.26±0.48)mg·L-1,相应去除率分别为31.3%、85.7%和95.6%.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带以及添加碳源均可显著降低出水NO_3~--N浓度,减少NO_3~--N淋溶输出,提高NO_3~--N去除率.植物吸收和微生物反硝化是生物滞留去除NO_3~--N的主要途径.进水NO_3~--N浓度、水量、间隔天数是影响生物滞留出水NO_3~--N浓度的主要因素.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带并添加碳源,在水文、水质变化情况下,仍可有效去除城市地表径流溶解性N.     

混凝泥渣生物滞留池脱氮除磷性能的实验研究

设置3个不同沙土配比的生物滞留池,在传统生物滞留池基础上增加厌氧区,填料中添加供反硝化的碳源以及自来水厂混凝泥渣(water treatment residue,WTR),从而分析不同进水浓度、降雨强度及沙土配比对去除效果的影响,验证混凝泥渣对磷的强化处理效果。结果表明:滞留池对NH3-N和TP处理效果较好且稳定,NH3-N进水浓度为2,9,34 mg/L时,出水浓度稳定在0.32~0.92 mg/L,TP进水浓度为8,0.14 mg/L时,出水浓度也稳定在0.04~0.28 mg/L,基本不随进水浓度、降雨强度以及填料沙土配比变化。TN去除率不稳定,在-376.6%~97%,其受降雨强度、落干时间影响显著,且NO3-N和淋洗的有机氮是TN处理效果差的主要原因。WTR对磷有较好的吸附作用,且综合来说砂80%、土壤10%、发酵针叶5%及混凝泥渣5%的填料配比性质较好。     

水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘处理污染河水的影响

将生物转盘与活性炭网状填料相结合,进行活性炭吸附实验并采用河水直接挂膜,探究在盘片最佳转速下,不同水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘去除NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数以及生物膜特性的影响.结果表明,Freundlich等温线显示活性炭对水中NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数有较好的吸附性能.盘片转速为3 r·min-1时,NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数去除率分别为86.05%、81.28%、77.09%,去除性能最佳.水力停留时间对去除NH_4~+-N、TP存在显著线性相关(R20.9)且去除率存在显著差异(P0.05),而对高锰酸盐指数不存在显著线性相关且去除率差异不显著(P0.05).HRT对生物膜活性、蛋白多糖以及S-EPS、LB-EPS、TB-EPS三维荧光峰均有影响.     

南方红壤区生物滞留池的效果模拟和影响研究

南方红壤区降雨量大且相对集中,红壤保肥性差、渗透性低,对生物滞留池的建设造成较大压力。通过室外人工模拟中试实验,选取3类设计影响因素:植物种类、填料层砂土比(1∶3、1∶4和1∶5)和水力/污染负荷,研究其对雨水径流中污染物的去除效果及影响。实验结果表明:W1—W7的7套生物滞留池对NH_3-N、NO~-_3-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率分别为54.98%～83.61%、 64.18%～83.63%、59.99%～77.15%、76.85%～85.17%和45.11%～85.44%,红壤对P具有较好的吸附作用,使TP的去除效果显著;重金属Pt、Cu、Zn和Cd的平均去除率分别为88.31%～97.00%、84.56%～86.03%、96.88%～97.21%和96.39%～97.44%,去除效果高效、稳定。影响研究表明:杜鹃和狗牙根对雨水径流污染物的去除效果略优于月季;砂土比与N类污染物的去除率正相关,与COD的去除率负相关,对TP的去除率影响不显著;雨水径流污染物的去除率随水力负荷的增大逐渐减小,随污染负荷的增大逐渐增大。     

生物炭配施缓控释肥对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流流失的影响

在太湖流域,通过田间试验研究了控释肥(CRF)、生物炭配施控释肥(BC+CRF)、生物炭配施稳定性肥(BC+SF)、生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥(BC+CRF+SF)4种施肥处理对稻田田面水p H、氮素动态变化、氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,田面水平均p H介于5.64~8.15,生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水p H降低3.16%~4.48%.田面水平均全氮(TN)质量浓度介于19.05~25.23 mg·L~(-1),生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水TN质量浓度显著降低4.75%~6.58%.田面水无机氮素以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)平均质量浓度分别介于0.01~17.26 mg·L~(-1)和0.24~3.11mg·L~(-1).与单施控释肥相比,各处理田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度分别显著降低35.89%~48.78%和20.54%~37.01%.生物炭配施稳定性肥显著降低了田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度,有效减少无机氮素径流流失风险.TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失量分别介于16.24~18.09、1.76~2.22、0.76~1.38 kg·hm~(-2).与单施控释肥相比,各处理TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失均有不同程度削减.生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥显著削减了氮素径流流失,有效降低区域稻田氮素面源污染风险.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.